CLASS XXI. ORDER V. 



67 



the frait are alwaj'^s more contracted than 

 the ban-en parts, (flowering fern.) 



C. Capsule without a ring — being adnate 

 at the banc, sub-globose, coria<:eous, not 

 cellular, somcivhat 2-valvcd. 

 Ophioglos"sum. Capsules round, 1-ceir- 



ed, opening: transversely ; they are placed 

 on a somewhat jointed spike in two close 

 rows, (adder-tongue feni.) 



BoTRYCii^iUM. Capsules coriaceous, glo- 

 bose, 1- colled, smooth, adnate to each rachis 

 of a compound raceme, sci)aratc ; valves 2, 

 connected behind, opening transversely, 

 (grape fern.) 



D. Suh-oriler, Apteres — icitlwut pinnate, 

 pinnafifid, or other winged leaves. 



Lycopo'jhum. Capsules mostly kidney- 

 forai, or roundish, 2 or 4-vaIved, opening 

 elastically ; they are placed upder separate 

 scales in a spike, or sometimes in the axils 

 of the leaves ; leafj', their stems being gen- 

 erally covered with 2, 3, or 4 rows of nar- 

 row^, simple, entire leaves, (ground pine.) 



Equise'tum. Fruit placed under peltate 

 polygons, being pileus-like bodies, \vhich 

 are arranged in whorls, forming a spike-form 

 raceme ; 4 to 7 spiral filaments suiTOund the 

 seed, wliich resemble green globules. Fer- 

 tile plants mostly leafless ; the stems of all 

 ai'e jointed with toothed sheaths at eveiy 



i'oint, and usually longitudinally striated and 

 loUo'w. (scourijig-rush, horse-tail.) 



Salvin'^ia. Involucres 4-9, imbricate, 

 connate, resembling a 1-cclled capsule ; spo- 

 rules inserted upon a central receptacle. 



ORDER II. MUSCI. 



Funa'ria. Teeth of the outer peristome* 

 16, cohering together at the apex and twist- 

 ed obliquely ; the inner peristome consists 

 of 16 membranaceous hairs, opposite to the 

 teeth, lying flatly. 



PoLYTRi'cHUM. Peri.stome very short; 

 teeth 16, 32, or 64 ; mouth of the germ cov- 

 ered by a dry membrane, which is connect- 

 ed to it by the teeth of the peristome ; ca- 

 lyptra veiy small, with a large villo.se or 

 haiiy covering. 



ORDER III. HEPATIC.E. 



Marchan^'tia. Receptacles pedicelled, 

 radiate-lobed, disk-like, or betl-form, with 

 the inside downward, to which the globose 

 4-valved capsules are attached with their 

 apexes downwai'd. The umbrella-like re- 

 ceptacle is elevated one or two inches by a 

 stipe attached to the centre of its lower side, 

 among the capsules ajid many pilo.se ap- 

 pendages. The frond is leafy, reticulate, 

 furni.shcd with a midrib, and beset with vil- 

 lo.-^e roots on the under side, which attach 

 themselves to the stones in brooks, to damp 

 earth, <Scc. 



Jungerman"nia. Capsules 4-valved, glo- 

 bose, elevated by peduncles or stipes from 

 within a bell-form calyx. The fronds are 



*■ The peristome is the membrane which ap- 

 pears round the mouth of tlie capsule of moss- 

 es, under the lid 



made up of finer leaves tnan those of the 

 Marchantia, and are often mistaken for 

 mosses, among which they generally grow. 



ORDER IV. ALG^. 



A. TfiC section rucoiDE.E comprises these 

 sea-weeds of the old genus Fiiais, whose 

 fronds are cartilaginous or leathery, and 

 of an olive or copper color,- becorning 

 ormon or black. 2^ hey are composed of 

 interwoven, longitudinal fibres. Tht 

 floating vesicles appear like portu>ns of 

 the frond blown up in bubbles. 



Fu'cus. Receptacles tubercled ; tubercles 

 perforated, nourishing aggregated capsules 

 ■within, intermixed with articulated fibres. 



B. The section Fi.oride;e comprises those 

 sea-weeds of tltc. old. genus Fucus, whose 

 fronds are leathery, membranans, or ge- 

 latinous, and of a purple or rose color. 



IIalyme'nia. Frond membranaceous, 

 leathery, nerveless, punctate ; seed im- 

 mersed throughout the whole frond, dis- 

 posed in spots. 



C. The section Ulvoide^ comprises the 

 plants of the old genus Ulva. Fronds 

 membranaceous [broad, or in narrow 

 slips), thin, of a grass-gixen color. Their 

 substance consists of cells, with the fruit 

 immersed in the frond. They grow on 

 rocks, stones, shells, t^'C, in the sea; aiso 

 in ditches, stagnant waters, damp woods 

 ^c. 



Ul'Va. Seeds in fours, immersed in r;v 

 ery part of the membranaceous frond. 



D. The section Confervoide^ comprtset 

 the plants of the old genus Confei'va. 

 Flint capsular or naked granulations. 

 Fronds fliform and geniculate, contain' 

 ing the fruit immersed in them, generally 

 strung on threads; mostly of a grass 

 green or greenish color, sometimes pur 

 pic. They grow in fresh-water streams, 

 springs, ditches, and stagnant tcaters ; 

 sometimes in damp woods, and some in 

 tlie sea. 



Confer''va. Filaments articulated, uni- 

 form, simple or branched, containing the 

 seed within them. No external fruit. 



E. The section TremelliNjE comprise/ 

 the old genus Tremella. Plants of this 

 section are all gelatinous, hyaline, anck 

 covered with a membrane. 2 hey are glo 

 base, palmate, or filiform, and contain 

 conferva-like filaments within. Color 

 green or purplish. T'lu:y resemble Con- 

 fcrvoidece in habit and place of growth. 



Nos^Toc. Filaments moniliform, con.sti- 

 tuted from coadunate globules. Fronda 

 bullate, vesicular (at length becoming flat- 

 tened), cro\vded \vith simple moniliform. 

 curve crisped filaments. 



ORDER V. LICHE.VES. 



Gyropho'ra. Frond foliaceou.s coria- 

 ceous-cartilaginous, peltate. mouophylloaB 

 (when luxuriant, polyphyllous), free be- 



