34 



FARM BUILDINGS IN SOUTH AFRICA 



door and window openings, continuous strips, extending right round the 

 building, should be built in. In other cases the strips of hoop iron 

 inserted should be as long as the positions of openings in the wall will 

 allow of. Joins in the hoop iron at quoins, and between separate lengths, 



Fig. 28. 



may be made by bending over the ends, and hooking one length on to 

 the next. 



Broken Bond. — The brick-layer sets out the bond, relatively to door 

 and window openings, etc., right from the lowest course. On referring 

 to Fi<*. 37 it will be noticed that the right-hand ends of the stretchers 

 X, X, X are kept in line vertically with the left-hand jamb of the window 

 opening. Similarly the left-hand ends of the stretchers Y, Y, Y are set 

 in line vertically with the right-hand jamb. In most cases closers such 

 as Z, Z, Z will require to be inserted, as shown, below the middle of the 

 window-silL 



Fi<*s. 29 and 30 illustrate the use of closers in a pier between two 

 jambs (either door or window jambs), the closers being marked A, B, 

 and Z respectively. The figures are self-explanatory, the topmost course 

 being supposed lifted in order to show the course below. 



There is a good deal to be said in favour of the practice of designing 

 brick buildings to " brick- dimensions," so as to minimise the use of 

 closers. This means that horizontal dimensions, when expressed in 

 inches, should be divisible by 4£; and vertical dimensions, expressed 

 in inches, by 3. 



Hollow Brick- walls. — Hollow, or cavity walls are employed with two 

 purposes in view : — 



1. To exclude the damp, and, 



2. To keep the interior of a building at a more uniform temperature 



than is possible with solid walls of equivalent thickness. 



