THE farm holding. 



115 



Fig. 22 .-how-, a small dairj finished, giving a fair idea of the neat and 

 solid appearance of these ash- concrete buildings when completed. The 

 plastering is ruled out to represent stone blocks of 2 feet x 1 foot outside, 

 but the inside is plain. The floor 

 and the cream-can vat are of the 

 same material, the sides of the latter 

 being only 3 inches thick, but 

 1 laving a little extra cement in the 

 mixture to make it hold water 

 securely. 



For foundations and other parts 

 where greater strength is desired, to 

 each five measures of ashes mix one 

 of sharp sand and one of cement ; 

 for the first 3 feet of height in the 

 walls over the floor-line use six 

 parts of ashes, and for the re- 

 mainder use seven parts of ashes, 

 with the same quantities of sand 

 and cement all through. 



The Foundations. 



The width of the trenches should 

 be 5 inches wider than the thick- 

 ness of the walls to be erected, and 

 where the ground is solid, affording 

 a good foundation, the depth need 

 not be more than 6 inches, in which 

 it is recommended that from 2 to 3 

 inches thick of sand be placed 

 under the concrete. If, however, 

 the ground is of an unreliable 

 nature and it is necessary to go 



deeper to get a solid bottom a thickness of 6 inches of sand should be put 

 in. This should be evenly spread and wetted before the concrete is placed. 

 To strengthen the foundation, at a distance of 3 inches from the bottom 

 of the concrete place under the outer walls three rows and under inner 

 walls two rows of §-inch round iron rods well lapped and hooked at joinings, 

 and turned at angles. 



Fig. 20. — Framing over a double fireplace in cottage. 



Walls, Frames, and Finishing. 



The walls at the set-off for footings at the level of window-sills and at 

 the heads of openings should have a continuous row of wire-netting binding, 

 secured to frames where they cross. 



All door and window-frames should be secured with wire or hoop-iron ties, 

 the ends being turned into the concrete. Ventilators for underfloors and 

 ceilings are made of f-inch timber boxes, having wire-netting and gauze 

 tacked on. 



Where holes require to be provided for pipes, bolts, &c, in stone concrete 

 buildings, it is necessary to make provision for these as the walls are erected, 

 otherwise some hard cutting has to be done, but in ash concrete the cutting 

 is an easy job, and a hole can be bored with a brace and drill. 



