834 



THE FARMERS' HANDBOOK. 



The tug-chains are hooked up so that the back-chain is kept in the centre 

 of the runners under normal conditions, with freedom to move backwards 

 or forwards in sympathy with the movements of the horse (see Fig. 3). 



The breeching-chains should be just slack enough to allow free action of 

 the hind legs. It is not infrequently noticed that the tug-chains are too 

 long, and, instead of the load being drawn by them, it is drawn by the back- 

 chain. The breeching-chains, also, are often too long, and when the horse 

 attempts to hold the load the breeching cannot perform its function, and 

 the load is held back by the back-chain. This pushes the saddle forward 

 against the withers, causing pinching, and probably setting up the con- 

 ditions which lead to fistula. 



, Fig. 3. — Dray Harness. 



Showing the correct length of the back-chain, tug, and breeching-chains ; and also the right position, 

 of the travelling-bar on the shaft. 



Light Harness. 



In the choice of light harness, whether it be sulky, buggy, van, or any other 

 type, the same scrupulous discrimination must be exercised as in the selection 

 of heavy harness. Too frequently the same set is used for whatever horse is 

 driven, but, while this is quite permissible with certain parts when the horses 

 are of average size, each must at least have his own collar, and preferably 

 his own winkers also. Most of the other parts are adjustable to the size of 

 the horse, and it is only necessary to make the required changes by taking 

 up or letting out straps. 



The parts are more elaborately mounted than in farm harness ; but the 

 principles underlying the fitting are essentially the same. Leather is used 

 almost entirely, except in some van harness, in which (.-bains are sometime* 

 used for traces. The weight depends chiefly upon the type of vehicle used. 



It is a matter of controversy whether winkers or bridles should be used. 

 The arguments advanced against the use of winkers are that the eyes are? 

 enclosed, and become hot and irritated, and that the horse is more likely to 



