104 



THE FARMER'S MONTHLY VISITOR. 



verse, for I would avoid a fleali}' bag. My Croaiii- 

 pot breed are full in the body, drop deep in the 

 flank, are not quite so straig-ht in the belly, nor as 

 full in tlie twist, nor as thick in the thigh ; but in 

 other respects I wish them to approacli the Dur- 

 ham as near as may be. My Cream-pot breed ex- 

 cel particularly in affording a great quantity of 

 rich cream, and that cream capable of being form- 

 ed into butter in a short time, and with little lubor, 

 leaving a small jiroportion of buttermilk. Their 

 cream produces more than eighty per cent, pure 

 butter; and it is not unfrequent to form the cream 

 into butter in one minute. It hag been done in 

 forty seconds." 



Mr. Jaques remarks, on the subject of raising 

 calves, -that " he generally lets them take a portion 

 of milk from the cows for about tliree months, and 

 paefers keeping tliein in the stall until they are a- 

 bouta year ola, thiijiiing that, he gets -better forms, 

 rounder barrels, straighter backs, greater bro.idness 

 on the loin and hips, by this management. Calves 

 turned to grass at two and three months old, be- 

 come pot-bellied, their backs bent, acquire a nar- 

 rowness in the loins, and seldom get over the de- 

 fect entirely." 



Col. Jaques insists that, on his theory, he can 

 breed animals of any desired shape and color, and 

 can form them as a statuary would mould his plas- 

 ter. He believes that the patriarch Jacob, who was 

 a successful and scientific breeder of cattle in old- 

 en time, did somethir!^' more to effect his ©tject 

 than to set before them the streaked " rods of green 

 poplar, and of the hazel and chesnut tree," to give 

 them the color which should dcEiignate his own from 

 the cattle of his father-in-law Laban. He says 

 that, knowing the parents of former generations, 

 he can with a choice of both Ee.*:es, give his cattle 

 the color he pleases, and if he would transfer the 

 flesh from the hip to tly^ rump — if he would make 

 the line and the back broader and deeper — if he 

 would make the cows with copious hags and with 

 ample room to contain them — by the copulation of 

 the proper animals he can effect his object at pleas- 

 ure. He eaysJie has repeatedly before the birth 

 of a calf predicted the precise color and marks up- 

 on it ; and this information he gives from knowing 

 the color and marks of the creature's immediate 

 and remote ancestors. 



Improved South Down Sheep. 



While in the field he called to us his flock of 

 beautiful South Down Sheep. These he stated 

 he had so bred that he could now take four 

 liandsorae cuts from the round of the thigh where 

 he formerly had but two. To give thcui the finer 

 and uniform quality of wool down to the fetlock 

 and an increased quantity over the whole body, he 

 had so disposed of their breeding that they should 

 present their lambs: in the fall instead of the spring. 

 The economy, and providence of nature are such 

 that animals clothed in wool or fur will increase or 

 diminish the quantity of either according to the 

 climate which requires more or less wool or fur to 

 warm the body. On this principle Col. Jaques 

 founds the improvement of the wool of his sheep. 

 The sheep which we saw w(;re black or smutty 

 face and legs, broad in the rump, round in the 

 thighs, standing innch higher from the ground than 

 the Merino and Saxony breed. 



JBlack Hawk. 



Col. Jaques also exhibited at his stable a beauti- 

 ful black stud, called Black Hawk. The celebra- 

 ted Morgan br^.M d of horses, so highly esteemed 

 throughout New England, has been obtained acci- 

 dentally from a blood Mare coming to a Canadian 

 stud. These Morgan horses, although excellent 

 ibi* farming purposes, partaking too much of the 

 Canadian qualit}^ are slow of. foot and not fit for 

 rapid travelling. To obtain the desired flcctness 

 in connexion with tho hardiness of the Canadian 

 horse. Col. Jaques has reared Black Hawk from a 

 full blood English stud on a Canadian mare. Black 

 Hawk is of a beautiful black color, measuring un- 

 usual length from the joint of the hip to the knee, 

 with large muscles on a delicate leg below the 

 knee, denoting swif'tness of foot. . To our unprac- 

 ticed eye, he seemed to be the* model of a perfect 

 liorse either for the saddle or carriage. 



The price of the purchase of the Ten Hills Farm 

 in 1831 was $SJi>,Ol}U; and to this amount was ad- 

 ded $5,000 laid out in stock. Col Jaques has so 

 managed as to pay the interest of five per cent, on 

 the cost from the proceeds of the fai'm, and in the 

 mean time to make such increase and improvement 

 upon the stock as suited his fancy. He estimates 

 the value of his improved stock upon the farm at 

 $10,000 ; and for this amount at any other than the 

 present dull times he thinks they would sell. He 

 Rmploya upon the farm three hired hands in win- 



ter, five on the opening of spring, and twelve in 

 the time of haying and harvesting. There are ex- 

 tensive salt marshes attached to this farm ; and the 

 low lands are irrigated fr(nn the waters of the Mid- 

 dlesex canal which runs through the farm. Three 

 hundred tons of hay in a year are sometimes pro- 

 duced ; and Col. J. in a single year has taken from 

 cows kept upon the farm milk that sold for the surn 

 of S'3,500. 



Whatever may have been the sacrifices which 

 have been made on the Ten Hills Farm to experi- 

 ment and fancy, Col. Jaques has kept up a system 

 of management highly commendable, which only 

 could have resulted from the most indefatigable 

 personal labor and attention. Turning to the 

 books kept generally b}' his own hand for any day 

 of the ten years during which this extensive farm 

 has been under his care, he can tell not only how 

 many and what persons were employed, but what 

 each particular individual was doing : his journal 

 ruled oft" shows on eac'i day whatever money, if 

 any, was received and paid out, and for what par- 

 ticular object. His account of hired labor upon 

 this farm from May 27, 1831, to Dec. 31, 1839, all 

 of which time it was under his charge, makes out 

 in the aggregate 26,114 days work, at an expense of 

 $20,53SJ !15. Clay for the supply of several brick- 

 makers is annually disposed of upon the farm to 

 the amount of ten or twelve hundred dollars. The 

 clay is of excellent quality and the invariable price 

 to brickmakers is fifty cents for each thousand of 

 bricks completed. An arrangement in the original 

 articles of agreement with the proprietors is that 

 the proceeds of the sales of clay should be a sink- 

 ing fund to pay for the fiirm for the benefit of the 

 tenant and occuprtnt. it marks the liberality of 

 the men of capital and merchants of Boston and 

 the vicinity that one hundred men should be ready 

 to advance three hundred dollars each on interest 

 of five per cent, for the use of any man, leaving 

 all extraneous advantages, such as the rise of the 

 property, the sale of the valuable clay in which it 

 abounds, and the chance to redeem at the lowest 

 prices of^ the shares, to go for the benefit of the 

 projector and occupant. 



The first pitch made within the tvaters of Bos- 

 ton bay more than two hundred years ago, is stated 

 to have been upon the Ten Hills Farm by Gov. 

 Winthrop, who gave it this name, not exactly be- 

 cause ten hills could ever be counted about and 

 near the premises, but because the heads of several 

 hills then discovered themselves when the land 

 was a forest. The position being somewhat above 

 the wider bay which is crossed below hy both the 

 old Maiden bridge and the Chelsea bridge counec- 

 tcd with the Salem turnpike, was found to be of wa- 

 ter too sliallow for the convenient approach of 

 ships; and the company, after effecting the first 

 lodgment, retired as the more convenient point for 

 commerce and trade to the peninsula of Boston, 

 v.hich was connected with the main land hy the 

 Uoxbury neck. For many years subsequent to the 

 recollection of persons now living there was no 

 bridge connecting Boston with the main land: all 

 the traders and market men from the north did 

 their business over a ferry near the site of the old 

 Charlestown bridge. The Ten Hills farm has had 

 in its time many owners and occupiers : before the 

 revolution distinguished royalists connected with 

 the government resided there. At the utmost 

 stretch of our youthful recollection since that time 

 it was the residence of Capt. or Col. Lane. Gen. 

 E. H. Derby lived there for some year.^, and for 

 other years it was occupied as a public house for 

 parties of pleasure from Boston. 



Zoology. 



Why are certain animals called Mammalia, or 

 Mammiicra •' 



Because they have breasts, (maiiniffij with wliich 

 the females suckle their young. 



Why is the class ofmamniifera placed at the head 

 of the animal kingdom.' 



Because, that not only we ourselves belong to it, 

 but it is that class wliich possesses the most numer- 

 ouB faculties, the most delicate sensations, and llie 

 greatest variety of action ; and in which the as- 

 semblage of all these qualities appear to be so com- 

 bined as to produce an intellect more perfect, more 

 fertile in resources, less the slave of instinct, and 

 more capable of progressive perfection, than what 

 is to be fViund in any of the other classes. 



Why are mammalia and birds called \varni blood- 

 ed .' 



Because their blood is of a heat about one hun- 

 dred degrees, more or less. 



Why are other animals called viviparous ? 



Because they produce their youngalive and per- 

 fect, (from vivus and piirio,) as man, quadrupeds, 

 &c. 



Why are certain animals called vertebrated ? 



Because they have a cranium, or bony cavity, 

 containing the brain, and a succession of bones 

 called the spine, and the divisions of it, pertcbrtB, 

 proceeding from the cranium, and containing a 

 prolongation of the brain, denominated spinal mar- 

 row. 



Why are other animals called invertebrated ? 



Because they have no vertebrce. 



Why does the faculty of instinct differ from in- 

 telligence ? 



Because instinct makes animals perform rertain 

 actions, necessary to the preservation of the spe- 

 cies, but often altogether foreign to the apparent 

 wants of the individual ; and often, also, extreme- 

 ly complicated. 



We cannot attribute these actions to intelligence 

 without supposing a degree of foresight and un- 

 derstanding infinitely superior to what we can ad- 

 mit in the species that perform them. The actions 

 performed by instinct are not the elTbrts of imita- 

 tion, for the individuals that execute them, have 

 often never seen them done by others : they bear 

 no proportion to the common intelligence of the 

 species, but become more singular, more skilful, 

 more distressed, in proportion as the animals be- 

 long to the less elevated classes, and are, in other 

 respects, most stupid. They are so much the pro- 

 perty of the species, that all the individuals por- 

 ibrm them in the same manner, without any im- 

 provement. 



The working bees have, since the beginning of 

 the world, built the most ingenious edifices, agree- 

 ably to principles of the highest geometry, and des- 

 tined to lodge and nourish a posterity which is not 

 even their own. Solitary bees and wasps form al- 

 so very complicated nests for their eggs. From 

 the eg^ there springs out aworm, whi::h has never 

 seen its mother, which does not know the structure 

 of the prison in which it is enclosed ; but, when 

 once it is changed into a wasp or bee, it constructs 

 a similar nest, equally perfect, for its own eggs. 



Bones. 



Why is fossil osteology, or the knowledge of 

 bones dug out of the earth, an important branch of 

 anatomy .■■ 



Because it not only brings to our knowledge ra- 

 ces of animals, very different from those with 

 which we are acqnaii.ted, but supplies many inter 

 mediate links, in the graduation of structure, which 

 are wanting in the present creation; and, there- 

 fore, makes it probable that when the two are suffi- 

 ciently investigated, one regular, connected chain 

 will be formed, each class of animals imperceptibly 

 running into that which is next to it. — 6';'r E, 

 Hume. 



Why are bones excellent manure ' 



Because of the large proportioTi of lime which 

 they contain. 



Why are teeth iiiiport;iul in identifying different 

 animals.' 



Because, by the largeness of the tooth, the na- 

 turalist can judge of the real size of the animal 

 which bore it ; and by the form of the tooth he can 

 tell whether it was fitted to grind grass, or to tear 

 flesh ; and therefore, whether it belonged to an 

 herbivorous or carniverous species. Pursuing his 

 inquiries from this point, he could decide in a great 

 degree as to the structure of the stomach and vis- 

 cera: the extremities, whether armed with clawa 

 or protected with hoofs ; and, farther, he can judge 

 of the vivacity of the senses which belonged to 

 the animal, and the habits which it derived from its 

 peculiar conformation — knowing, beyond a doubt, 

 that there was an intimate agreement in all the 

 properties of its existence, and that every thing in 

 its organization was regulated by an undeviating 

 harmony. 



Why aro the lives of wild animals shortened by 

 the loss of teeth ? 



Because, as old age increases, the teeth fall out, 

 and the means of obtaining food thus failing, the 

 body sinks to rest. Man i^ the only animal that 

 can counteract the fatal consequences of the loss 

 of teeth. 



Why are the incisors or front teeth of gnawing 

 animals always sharp.' 



Because, as the teeth are covered by an enaipel 

 only on their anterior or convex surface, and the 

 bone wears down much faster than this harder co- 

 vering, the end of the tooth is a sharp cutting edge. 

 No animal exhibits this structure better than the 

 rat. 



Why do carnivorous animals masticate their food 

 very imperfectly ? 



Because their lower jaw can only move upwards 

 and downwards, and is incapable of that horizontal 

 motion whicli constitutes mastication. 



Why do other animals which live on vegetables, 

 masticate their food thoroughly.' 



