imi] 



FARMERS' R K G [S r E R 



40S 



clieniicnl operation. It is ihie latter whifili is treat- | a Ijquiil stale to an inJetinite lenortli of time, and 

 ei3 of in the present chapter, and it will be well to t|iig precaution is ilie mure necessary, as it is 

 note, that every tia)e clarification has been, or may { often advisable to jirovide ii befbreluuid lor ten or 

 nl)erwardf» be spoken of, it is this, and not the lua- i fii'tecn days. 



chanical operation that is alluded to. The best blood for clarification is that of bnl- 



& 1 Clarifier locks ; next, thai of cows, sheep, and calves : pigs' 



" ' "^ ' • 1 •( ' blood is always rejected as bad. I^elbre applyinfj 



In manufactories where two concentratmtr boilers ' ■ -. 



the blood it should be mixed with about two parts 

 of water. 



i 3. Milk. 



I The mill( employed lor clarification should be 

 .skimmed. Thi.s auent is certainly a very con- 

 venient one for ajrricultural esiablishments, not 



do the work of one of delineation, one of these acts 

 as a clarilVinjj pan or boiler ; and with this view, 

 when '.he concentration is arrived at the re(]uired 

 areometrical density, oneof ihese boilers is emptied 

 into the other. All the syrup is thus brought 

 to<:ether, and the clarification is proceeded with. 



In the batterie evaporatoire, hel'ore meniioned, I only frofn its cheapness, but because it is always 

 No. 3 forms the clarilyini; pan. i at hand. 



The utensils used 'in the clarification are :-l | . 3_ q ^^aUon of aarifylng. 



An areometer: 2. A skimmer; 3. A stirrer ; 4. A I • ,-, i^ k . i • r^ru\ 



1 r ,u „•„. ,1 „!,,... „.,! <; 4,i^fi.un The quantity supposed 10 be operated on is 500 



wooden cup (or the animal charcoal: o. Anoluer i ' ..-' •('/•• .i . • . an \- 



, r\ .„ .u„ K ii„„i.„' K>„„ I „,. ,v,a r,,;iir 1 itres (114 gallons) of luice, that IS to say, 82 hires 



cut) to dilute the bullocks btood, or the niuk. Ltoi m \ . oco i -i i- i i . 



' ' 1 (18^ iral onsj al 26° boiling, which corresponds o 



§ 2. Clarifying jlgents 



Oflhese, animal charcoal <tnd albumen or curd 

 linjr matter are decidedly the best and most effect 

 ual, as well as the simplest. 



1. Charcoal. 



30*^ cold. When it is ascertained that the right 

 j proportions of lime and acid have been added to 

 ' the syrup, the animal charcoal may be applied : 



of this, about half a pound may be reckoned to 

 ! each p-allon. It is then put into the boiler, the 

 ' syru,' beiuir at the time in a slate of ebullition, 



M. Derosne was the first who applied animal j stirred, and skimmed vvell. The black substances 

 charcoal to the refining of suirar. It possesses a ; thus taken ofi' are braided together and mixed 

 discoloring property very far su[irrior to that pos- with the licjuid. When the carbon is well incor- 

 ppssed by'vegetable charcoal, but its operation is J poraled with the mass, it is left to boil lor some 

 not confined to this object merely, but to react on | minutes. Take care to examine, lest the black 

 the extraneous substances remaining in the syrup, I lumps are not precipated lo the bottom of the 

 and to promote its crystallization. The quantity i boiler. The char-re above recommended is a 



matter of the while of an egg, , 



of sugar is materially increased by its use. 

 2. jllhuminous Matters. 



Albumen is one of the most prevalent substances 

 in the animal oriranizalion, constituting nearly the 

 whole of the solid 

 and is found in blood in large quantities. 



Alcohol, acids, and heat, have the property of 

 precipitating albumen. It coagulates in lumps, 

 which float in the liquor, and may be easily se- 

 parated by precipitation or filtration. It is this 

 property that has made it so desirable for refining, 

 and particularly the beei-root sugar. Here it is 

 only coagulated by heat, after being dissolved and 

 distributed ihroush the mass about to be clarified, 

 carrying with it all the impurities therein con- 

 tained. 



1 . fVhites of Eggs. 



medium one, but, for a general rule, ihe better the 

 syrup, the less carbon, and vice versa. 



In this stage of the process, the syrup appears 

 black and muddy. On examination, the juice is 

 anything but clear, or likely lo be so; and in this 

 stale it is, that while of eggs, blood, or milk, are 

 applied to such advantage. 



Whilst the black is thus operalinir in the boiler, 

 let 8 decilitres of blood (about 1^- pint) be prepared, 

 and mixed with water, or four eggs, or one litre 

 six decilitres (rather more than 2^ pints) of skim- 

 med milk, being after the rate of one litre (not quite 

 two pints) of blood, two litres (3| pints nearly) of 

 milk, or five egss, (or one hectolitre (22J gallons of 

 syrup. One of ihese ingredients is then put inio 

 the boiler, stirring the whole up briskly, and afier 

 boiling lor a short time, the syrup is thus prepared 

 for cleansing :- 



The juice is examined in a spoon, and if the 

 These contain the largest quantity of albumen . clarification be good, the syrup exhibits flakes 

 of any other substance, and accordinirly would be which are easily precipitated, leaving a clear 

 the best agent of" clarification, but for their great j limpid juice. If this is not the case, the quantity 

 expense as compared with blood. 'J'he proportion i of albumen is not sufficient, and the filiration will 

 is as five escrs to a litre (Ij't pinO of blood. They i not be complete. 



must be well beat up, and mixed with water at i In this case, it will be requisite to add a fresh 

 the rate ofTour pints to five eggs. 



2. Blood. 



Blood, when it first issues from the veins of the 

 animal, contains, besides albumen, a sort of fibrous 

 matter, which must be separated, otherwise the 

 blood will become clotted and unfit for the purpose 

 of clarification. To prevent this, the blood, when 

 collected, should be beaten up with a sort of rod; 

 the fibrous substance will soon separate in the 

 form of long filaments, which may easily he got 

 our by passinir it through a hair sieve. The blood, 

 thus separated from the fibre, may be preserved in 



lose of ego;s, blood, or milk, until the liquor be 

 no longer found dark and muddy. 



The refiners generally prefer old to fresh blood, 

 and though even ofl^ensive to the smell, it does not 

 in the least affiect the quality of the syruj). 



CHAP. VIII. 



filtration. 

 A mode adopted in some manufactures. In- 

 stead of clarifying the syrup at 30'^ of concentra- 

 tion, this process takes place at a much less 

 density, say 20'^, after which the syrup is put into 

 cisterns, or else left lo settle in the boiler. In order 



