1837] 



FARMERS' REGISTER, 



625 



^dly. By making use of the auger to reach and tap 

 the springs, when the depth of the drain is not 

 sufficient lor that purpose. The nature of 

 Bprings, and the causes of wetness, have already 

 been explained in Section ii, of Part I. 



The first thing, therefore, to bo observed is, by 

 : examining the adjoining high grounds, to discover 

 jwhat strata they are composed of, and then to as- 

 certain, as nearly as possible, the inclination of 

 these strata, and their connection with the ground 

 to be drained; and thereby to judge at what place 

 the level of the spring comes nearest to where the 

 water can be cut ofl', and most readily discharged. 

 The surest way of ascertaining the lie or inclina- 

 tion of the different strata, is. by examining the 

 bed of I lie nearest streams, and the edges of the 

 banks that are cut through by the water; and any 

 pits, wells, or quarries that may be in the neigh- 

 borhood. Afier the main spring has been thus 

 discovered, the next thing is, to ascertam a line on 

 the same level, to one or both sides of it, in which 

 the drain may be conducted, which is one of the 

 most important parts of the operation, and one, on 

 which the art of draining, in a scientific manner, 

 essentially depends. 



Lastly, The use of the auger, which, in many 

 cases, is the sine qua nnn of the business, is to 

 reach and tap the spring when the depth of the 

 drain does not reach it; where the level of the out- 

 let will not admit of its being cut to a greater 

 depth; and where the expense of such cutting 

 would be great, and the execution of it difficult. 



According to these principles, this system of 

 draining has been attended with extraordinary 

 consequences, not only in laying the land dry in 

 the vicinity of the drain, but also springs, wells, 

 and wet ground, at a considerable distance, with 

 which there was no apparent connection. 



SliCTION II. 



Its particular application to spring bogs.* 



The draining of large tracts of bog or marshy 

 ground, injured by springs, Ibrms a part of this 

 system, deserving of the greatest attention, and 

 is, in every point of vie iv, the most important. 

 Many extensive tracts of ground of this descrip- 

 tion are at present lost to every useful purpose to 

 which they might be converted, fi-om the mistaken 

 notion of those to whom they belong, that their 

 nature is such, as either to render tlicm incapable 

 of being drained, or that it is only possible at an 

 expense jjreater than their value. However im- 

 practicable the draining of such bogs may appear, 

 yet by attention to the proper mode of domg it, 

 their drainage may be easily effected, and at Httle 

 expense; and, when made dry, they become the 

 most valuable of any. Their cause and formation 

 have already been explained. They may be divi- 

 ded into two classes, according to their situation, 

 and the different mode of drainmg that applies 

 to each. Those of the first class are easily distin- 

 guished by the springs issuing from the adjoining 

 higher ground, in a regular line, along the upper 

 side of the wet surface. The second class of 

 these bogs has the appearance of beincr still more 

 difficult to drain, althoutrh, in several respects, 

 they are less so than the former. 



In these last, the many springs that break out 

 are not confined to a regular line alonsr the upper 

 side, as represented by Plate No. VIII., but burst 



* So called, in contradistinction to such as are wet 

 and bogey from surface water alone; and also to 

 such peat bogs or mosses, as do not derive their origin 

 from springs. 



Horizontal Plan. 



Plate VIII. — Drainage of Bogs caused by springs. — Class 1st 



iii^'^."^^/*^/^. ^^\\vSv\^)y/^ //, ..^,/csoui .. --j^ 



Section. 



C D Drain for carrying the wa- 

 ter to the nearest outlet. 



E Dry porous, soil receiving 

 the rain water. 



F Gravel, sand, or porous rock, 

 containing springs. 



G Where the water breaks out 

 when the springs are full. 



H Outlet of the spring. 



If the stratum of Clay where 

 the trench is cut be thicker 

 than the level of the outlet will 

 admit, the depth of the drain to 

 be (A representing tlie depth of 

 it, at that level,) Uie remaining 

 part of that clay from A to B 

 must be perforated by the au- 

 ger to the tail or lowest point of 

 the sand or rock at B, when the 

 spring will immediately rise up 

 into the trench, by the pressure 

 of its water above the drain's 

 Ifcvel, 







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