INSECTS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION. 43 



sands of insects and not all of a kind, one must have some 

 way of knowing what each insect is before he can begin 

 to work out -all the marvelous relationships between that 

 insect and others much like it or differing much from it. 

 Besides these facts, which still are of secondary value, 

 the student of insects will come to know that of all the 

 different sorts of insects some are low, while some are 

 high in the life scale; some are simple in structure, while 

 others are very complex; some have more intelligence 

 than others ; some have higher nervous organization than 

 others, with sense powers that eclipse man's powers, with 

 instincts whose like we do not know, or if we did once 

 know them in the days when man was first learning his 

 new world, they are now covered over completely, buried 

 beneath the later stratum of reasoning as the basis of 

 activity, the determinant of action. In short, life is a 

 continuous stream with powers fundamentally the same, 

 whether that life is manifested in this body or that; and 

 each race or tribe of beings exhibits unmistakable relation- 

 ships to the beings above and below it, those relationships 

 being stated in terms of structure, or metamorphosis, or 

 nervous organization. 



Insects, as classified by Linnaeus, were all included in 

 seven orders : Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Aptera, 

 Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, and Hemiptera. Under his 

 Hemiptera were included the insects now forming the 

 Orthoptera. The Neuroptera included a mixture of very 

 dissimilar insects now set apart in three different orders. 

 Rearrangement of the remaining insects on the bases of 

 structure and metamorphosis, and the necessity of 

 providing a place in the general scheme for the many 

 insects that Linnaeus never saw, and which later natural- 

 ists have been continually finding, has led to the formation 



