LEPIDOPTERA. 131 



labor of flight. In harmony with this view, the points 

 of structure as well as of metamorphosis lead our principal 

 investigators to place the bees and the wasps higher than 

 the grasshoppers and the crickets, and the flies at the 

 head of the insect orders. 



Another law which seems to find exemplification 

 here the lowest individual in any class repeats the life 

 history of the individuals below it and anticipates the 

 new features of the individuals above it. According to 

 this law, we should find that the jugate moths have 

 related forms among the insects below the Lepidoptera; 

 and so we do find that some of these moths have the same 

 kind of mouth parts as have the grasshoppers and the 

 beetles, and the same mode of fastening the wings together 

 as have the caddis flies, curious insects which spend their 

 larval period in the water and have a short adult period 

 with probably little aim or accomplishment beyond the 

 production of their progeny. And on the other hand, 

 these primitive jugate moths have the scaly wings of the 

 more highly differentiated and typical lepidopters. 



The Lepidoptera all reproduce their kind by complete 

 metamorphosis, all of them passing from the egg to the 

 larva, then to the pupa, then to the adult stage. The 

 eggs are not smooth-coated as are the eggs of most other 

 insects, but always have some fine sculpturing over the 

 surface. The larvae are the familiar caterpillars of the 

 garden or the field. The pupas are a little less familiar, 

 but the observer surely has seen some of the curious, 

 mummy-like cases, big and little, hung up in all sorts of 

 queer places, waiting for the great change from pupa to 

 butterfly or moth. 



Birds are the natural enemies of insects, and lepidop- 

 ters are easier to catch in the caterpillar stage than in the 



