LEPIDOPTERA. 135 



and with them the threatening is unavailing, for the 

 Tachinas usually succeed in laying their eggs in the 

 bodies of the protesting worms, where the young Tachinas 

 soon proceed to use up the caterpillars to the satisfaction 

 of every one except the caterpillars. 



Black Swallow-tail (larva). A dark green worm 

 with many black rings and bright yellow spots; two 

 yellow horns on the segments of the body just behind the 

 head are protruded if the caterpillar is disturbed, a sicken- 

 ing odor coming off as the result of the disturbance. 



Cabbage Worms. Slender green worms covered with 

 very fine soft hairs, and usually with some pale yellow 

 lines about the body. According to Comstock, the moth 

 produces three broods in the middle latitudes of the 

 United States. The effective work against it, then, 

 would have to be done before the cabbages head in the 

 spring. He gives pyrethrum powder and also kerosene 

 emulsion as effective treatments of this really serious 

 pest. 



Monarch Butterfly (larva) . The larvae are often called 

 tiger caterpillars, greenish- white worms with shining 

 black bands about the body from head to tip of abdomen. 

 It grows rapidly, and turns into the familiar golden-brown 

 pupa hung by its big tail-end to some leaf or twig, the 

 pupa showing green and gold inside it. 



Measuring Worms. The familiar loopers that chil- 

 dren are not usually afraid of. They have a curious 

 habit of standing up on their hind legs to ' ' view the land- 

 scape o'er," swaying the body from side to side as if 

 looking for a good place to eat next. They are probably 

 attempting to frighten off any possible enemy by their 

 startling movements. Another device they have, if 

 the first does not work, is to drop suddenly off the branch, 



