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TEXT-BOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY. 



the gall-bladder is more or less viscid from admixture with mucin, 

 the degree of this viscidity depending on the length of time it remains 

 in this reservoir. The specific gravity of human bile varies within 

 normal limits from i.oio to 1.020. -Jlhe reaction is invariably alka- 

 line in the human subject when first discharged frolSTtEel^er^ but 

 may-4jeTolnF"TieTiUa^ ifi the gall-bladder! 'Ine alkalinity depends 

 on the presence of sodium carbonate and sodium phosphate. When 

 fresh, it is inodorous; but it readily undergoes putrefactive changes, 

 and soon becomes offensive. Its taste is decidedly bitter. When 



20 12 19 



24 



FIG. 85. GALL-BLADDER, HEPATIC, CYSTIC, AND COMMON DUCTS, i, 2, 3. Duode- 

 num - 4 4, 5, 6 > 7> 7- 8. Pancreas and pancreatic ducts, o, 10, n, 12, 13. Liver. 

 14. Gall-bladder 15. Hepatic duct. 1 6. Cystic duct. 17. Common duct. 18. 

 Portal vein. 19. Branch from the celiac axis. 20. Hepatic artery. 21 Coro- 

 nary artery of the stomach. 22. Cardiac portion of the stomach. 23. Splenic 

 artery. 24. Spleen. 25} Left kidney. 26. Right kidney. 27. Superior xnesen- 

 tenc artery and vein. 28. Inferior vena cavai.(Sappey.) 



shaken wjik^te^^ condition which lasts for 



some time and which is due to the presence of mutin. 



The color of bile obtained from the hepatic duct is variable, 

 usually a shade between a greenish-yellow and a brownish-red.) In 

 ifferent animals the color varies. In the herbivorous animals it is 

 usually green; in the carnivorous animals it is orange or brown In 

 rnanjt is green or^goMen yellow. The colors are due to the pres- 

 ence of pigments. Microscopic" examination does not show the 

 presence of structural elements. 



