GUSTATION. 



765 



In Fig. 236, which represents the dorsal surface of the tongue, the large, circumvallate 

 papillae, which usually number from seven to twelve, are seen in the form of a V, occu- 

 pying the base of the tongue. The fungiform papillae are scattered over the surface but 

 are most numerous at the point and near the borders. Both of these varieties of papillaa 

 are distinguishable by the naked eye. 



The circumvallate papillae are simply enlarged fungiform papillae, each one surrounded 

 by a circular ridge, or wall, and covered by numerous small, secondary papillaa. The 

 fungiform papillae have a short, thick pedicle and enlarged, rounded extremities. Accord- 



FIG. 236. Papillae, of the tongue, (Sappey.) 



1, 1, circumvallate papillae; 2, median circumvallate papilla, which entirely fills the foramen caecum; 3, 3, 3, 3, fungi- 

 form papillae ; 4, 4, filiform papillae ; 5, 5, vertical folds and furrows of the border of the tongue ; 6, 6, 6, 6, glands at 

 the base of the tongue ; 7, 7, tonsils ; 8, epiglottis ; 9, median glosso-epiglottidean fold. 



ing to Sappey, from one hundred and fifty to two hundred of these can easily be counted. 

 These, also, present secondary papillae on their surface. When the mucous membrane of 

 the tongue is examined with a low magnifying power, particularly after maceration in 

 acetic or dilute hydrochloric acid, their structure is readily observed. They are abun- 

 dantly supplied with blood-vessels and nerves. 



Taste- Buds, or Taste- Beakers. A few years ago, Loven and, a little later, Schwalbe 

 described, under these names, peculiar structures, which are supposed to be the true 



