CARBOHYDRATES. 



83 



in the body, the glucosuria is either prevented or lessened. As Pfliiger 1 

 has shown, an animal which has been wholly .deprived of its pancreas 

 behaves outwardly quite differently from one which has a slight residue of 

 the gland left in the body. Pfliiger observed that after a total extirpation 

 the sugar elimination invariably appeared within the first twenty-four 

 hours, and lasted continuously until the death of the animal, even when it 

 received no further nourishment. The symptoms peculiar to a partial 

 extirpation, such as polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyphagia (voracity), 

 and polyuria (excessive urination), were either entirely lacking or barely 

 indicated. Usually the elimination of sugar takes place very quickly after 

 the extirpation of the pancreas. Thus Bierry and Gatin-Gruzewska 

 obtained the following results from four experiments: 



The elimination of sugar in the urine has likewise been observed after 

 total pancreas extirpation in Selachier, 2 frogs 3 and in birds. 4 The results 

 obtained after partial extirpation are not as uniform. Sometimes gluco- 

 suria is observed, sometimes not. This might indicate that all the parts 

 of the pancreas gland are not of the same nature, so that in one operation 

 more of the tissue which partakes in the sugar formation is carried away 

 than in another. Numerous experiments by different observers in this 

 direction have, however, established the fact that all parts of the pancreas 

 tend to increase the sugar content of the system, and thus prevent gluco- 

 suria. The true cause of the divergence in the results obtained by 

 different investigators is probably to be traced to the different methods 

 of operation employed. 5 Indeed, the glucosurias produced by partial and 



1 Pfliiger's Arch. 106, 181. Cf. Sandmeyer: Z. Biol. 31, 12 (1895). Cf. also E. W. 

 Pfliiger: Das Glycogen, etc., loc. cit. 



2 V. Diamare: Zentr. Physiol. 20, 617 (1906). 



3 Cf. Aldehoff : Z. Biol. 28, 293 (1891), and Marcuse: Arch. Anat. Physiol. 539 (1894). 



4 W. Kausch: Arch, exper. Path. Pharm. 37, 274 (1896); 39, 219 (1897). O. 

 Minkowski: Arch, exper. Path. Pharm. 31, 85 (1893). Cf. v. Diamare: Zentr. 

 Physiol. 19, 545 (1905). Cremer and Ritter: Z. Biol. 28, 459 (1891). 



5 Cf. De Renzi and Reale: Berliner klin. Wochenschr. No. 23 (1892). J. Thiroloix: 

 Diabete-pancreatique, p. 95 (1892). von Mering and Minkowski: Diabetes mellitus 

 nach Pancreasexstirpation, p. 12 (Leipsic, 1899). W. Sandmeyer: Z. Biol. 31, 74 and 

 85 (1894). E. He"don: Travaux de physiologic, 1-150, Paris, 1898. 



