FARMERS' REGISTER— AGRICULTURE IN BAVARIA. 



169 



inp; vessel, throvifjh an aperture at the bottom of 

 Avhich it is tbrced' by means of a ])iston, into a long 

 trough, Avliere it is separated into loaves, by meaas- 

 of a frame tiu-nishod with projections ot" the size of 

 the intended loaves. The fianie descends till the 

 dividing partitions cut half through the dough ,ip 

 the trough. The dpugh is ihcn turned by means 

 G-f the trough frame, in which it is held swinging 

 on two pivots, and the dividing frame is brought 

 down again to complete the separation of the 

 loaves. 



The loaves are then conveyed into an oven on 

 a stage mounted on rollers, and tlirnished with an 

 endless band of cloth, or other suitable material, 

 by the motion of which they are delivered in 

 succession li-oni the stage upon the oven floor; and 

 when the baking is completed, this stage, with its 

 endless band, is forced into the oven under the 

 loaves, and brings them all out at one time. And 

 thus will be obtained a much greater uniformity 

 of" baking than can be effected by the usual me- 

 thod of tilling and cmpt3-mg the oven. — Trans. 

 Soc. jirts. 



AGRICULTURE IN BAVARIA ITS IMPROVE- 



MEIVT BY THE POLICY OF GOVERNMENT. 



From the British Farmer's Magazine. 



Bavarian agriculture, previously to . the first 

 French revolution, was, according to all accounts, 

 less advanced than that of any other state in Ger- 

 many, and, indeed, remained stationary for ages. 

 By far the greater part of the land in cultivation 

 was the ]iroperty of the religious establishments; 

 and the capital, Munich, was, as the German 

 name (M.unchin) implies, ■ the city of monks. 

 When,, however, the estates of the religious estab- 

 lishments were sold, they were chiefly divided into 

 lots so small, that almost ever}' individual who was 

 head of a fi:imily became a purchaser. These pur- 

 chases were made at very low prices, oh long cre- 

 dits; and a very great number of them, perhaps 

 the greater number, were agreed to be paid for by 

 the occupant m a terminable annuity; that is, he 

 paid a fixed rent for a certain number of years, 

 after which the land became his own freehold. The 

 laborers who had thus suddenly become proprietors, 

 had, for the most part previously cultivated the 

 .same lands for the religious establishments, and, 

 therefore, the external change was, at first, Iiardly 

 apparent. Every estate, however, abounding in 

 timber and stone tor building, and a great part of 

 the country being on a basis of limestone rock, or 

 limestone gravel, facilities were readily afforded for 

 a laborer to enlarge his cottage, and to add to it the 

 necessary agricultural buildings. Scarcely any 

 outlay was required from him but labor, and, as 

 the ])roduce was entirely for his own benefit and 

 for that of his family, his exertions were extraor- 

 dinary. By degrees, cottage-dwellings, of a some- 

 what improved description, and small farm-houses 

 and farmeries, appeared in those parts of the 

 country where the soil was richest; not, however, 

 detached, as in Britain, but chiefly congregated to- 

 gether in small villages. The system of cultui-e 

 did not, at first, improve as a system; but, the 

 common operations of the established practice be- 

 ing more carefully performed, better crops were 

 produced. Ultimately, however, the system be- 

 came improved, in consequence of the operation of 

 the national education that was established when 



the monasteries were put down, and by the teach- 

 ing of agriculture and gardening, both by books 

 and exami)les, in these schools! One of the first 

 consequences was unimproved rotation of crops. 

 Almost the whole of the details of agricuUm-al im- 

 provement in Bavaiia have originated with M. 

 IIa7;zi, an. agricultural writer, and editor of an ag- 

 ricultural journal in JMunich. The activity and 

 patriotic benevolence of this gentleman are beyond 

 ;dl praise. It was chiefly through his exertions 

 that a piece of ground, was adiled to every paro- 

 chial school in Bavaria, to be cultivated "by the 

 scholars in their leisure hours, under the direction 

 of the master. In these schools, Ilazzi's catechism 

 of gardening, of agriculture, of domestic economy 

 and cookery, of forest culture, of orchard culture, 

 and others, all small 12mo vols., with woodcuts; 

 sold at about 4d. each, are taught to all the boys, 

 and those of gardening, the management of silk- 

 worms, and domestic economy, to the girls. Since 

 these schools have come" into action, an entirely 

 new generation of cultivators has arisen; and the 

 consequence is, that agriculture in Bavaria, and 

 especially what may be called cottage agriculture 

 and economy, is, as far as we are able to judge, 

 carried to a higher degree of perfection than it is 

 any whei-e else in the central states of Germany; 

 at all events, we can affirm that we never saw finer 

 crops of drilled Swedish and common turnips, or 

 finer surfaces of J^oung clovers, than we observed 

 along the road sides in October and November, 1828. 

 The fences, also, were generally in perfect order, 

 and a degree of neatness apjjcared about the cot- 

 tages which is far from common cither in France 

 or Germany, These remarks ai-e not the result of 

 observations made, as is frequently the case, from 

 the cabriolet of a public diligence, but from deliber- 

 ate inspection, and fi-om entering many of the cot- 

 tages and schools. To enable us to do this, we 

 travelled, every where in Germany, in a private 

 carriage, and never in the dark. We had also, as 

 we have before stated, the advantage, while in 

 Munich, of constant intercourse with M. Hazzi, 

 M. Sckell, and other membej-s of the agricultural 

 society; wkh the chief engineer, Baader7 who had 

 been many years in Scotland; with Baron Eichthal, 

 the proprietor of a large estate, on which he has 

 introduced the Scotch husbandrj^, and with whom 

 we were acquainted in London; and, with his very 

 intelligent tenant, an east Lothian farmer. The 

 result of the whole of the information procured, 

 and of the observations made, is, that we think the 

 inhabitants of Bavaria promise soon to be, if they 

 are not already, among tlie happiest people in 

 Germany. The climate of the country will pi'event 

 its agriculture and gardening from advancing be- 

 j-ond a certain point, but to that point both will 

 very soon be carried. 



So desirous is the government of improvmg not 

 only the agriculture, but even the face of the coun- 

 try, that they have a standing commission, con- 

 sisting of counsellors, engineers, architects, and 

 the landscape gardener Sckell, solely for the pur- 

 pose of devising improvements in the direction of 

 public roads, canals, bridges, public buildings, and 

 gardens, nationa,l forests, but, above all, for lining 

 the public roads with trees. These trees are, in 

 some places, in the suburbs of towns, chiefly orna- 

 mental; in others they are fruit trees, or mulberry 

 trees cultivated for the silkworm, (a catechism on 

 the management of which is also published by M. 



