1638] 



FARMERS' REG15<TER. 



613 



2345 

 116 

 426 

 126 

 364 



Rye afforded to Einhoff, in 3840 parts, 2520 

 meal, 930 husk, and 390 moisture ; and tlie same 

 .quantity of meal analysed gave, 



Of Starch 



— Albumen 



— Muciliige 



— Saccharine mailer 



— Gluten not dried 

 Remainder husk and loss. 



I obtained Irom 1000 parts of rye, grown in 

 Suffolk, 61 parts of starch, and 5 parts of gluten. 



100 parts of oats, from Sussex afforded me 59 

 parts of starch, 6 of gluten, and 2 of saccharine 

 matter. 



1000 parts of peas, grown in Norfolk, afforded 

 me 501 pans of starch, 22 parts of saccharine 

 matter, 35 parts of albuminous matter, and 16 

 parts of extract, which became insoluble during 

 evaporation of the saccharine fluid. 



From 3S40 parts of marsh beans ( Viciafaha), 

 Einhoff obtained, 



Of Starch . - - 



— Albumen . . . 



— Other matters which may be con- ^ 

 ceived nutritive ; such as gummy, I j^q^ 

 starchy, fibrous matter analogous | 



to animal matter - - - J 

 The same quantity of kidney beans (Phaseolus 

 vulgaris), afforded. 



Of matter analogous to starch 



— Albumen and matter approach- 

 ing to animal matter in its nature 



— Mucilage 



From 3840 parts of lentiles, he obtained 1260 

 parts of starch, and 1433 of a matter analogous to 

 animal matter. 



The matter analogous to animal matter is de- 

 scribed by Einhoff, as a glutinous substance in- 

 soluble in water; soluble in alcohol; when dry. 



1312 

 31 



1805 

 851 

 799 



sands of aphides may be usually seen in the stalk 

 and leaves of the rose ; but none of them are ever 

 observed on the flower. Camphor is used to pre- 

 serve the collections of naturalists. The woods 

 that contain aromatic oils are remarked for their in- 

 destructibility ; and for their exemption from the 

 attacks of insects: this is particularly the case with 

 the cedar, rose-wood, and cypress. The gates of 

 Constantinople, which were made of this last wood, 

 stood entire from the time of Constantine, their 

 founder, to that of Pope Eugene IV., a period of 

 1100 years. 



The petals of many flowers afford saccharine 

 and mucilaginous matter. The white lily yields 

 mucilage abundantly ; and the orange lily a mix- 

 ture of mucilage and sugar; the petals of the 

 convolvulus afford sugar, mucilage, and albumi- 

 nous matter. 



The chemical nature of the coloring matters 

 of flowers has not as yet been subject to any very 

 accurate observation. These coloring matters, 

 in general, are very transient, particularly the 

 blues and reds ; alkalies change the colors of 

 most flowers to green, and acids to red. An imi- 

 tation of the coloring matter may be made by 

 digesting solutions of gall-nuts with chalk: a green 

 fluid is obtained, which becomes red by the action 

 of an acid ; and has its green color restored by 

 means of alkalies. 



The yellow coloring matters of flowers are the 

 most permanent; the carthamus contains a red 

 and a yellow coloring matter; the yellow color- 

 ing matter is easily dissolved by water, and from 

 the red, rouge is prepared by a process which is 

 kept secret. 



The same substances as exist in the solid parts 

 of plants are found in their fluids, with the ex- 

 ception of woody fibre. Fixed and volatile oils, 

 containing resin or camphor, or analogous sub- 

 stances in solution, exist in the cylindrical tubes 



having the appearance of glue; probably a peculiar belongingtoanumber of plants. Bifl'erent species 

 modification of gluten. of euphorbia emit a milky juice, which when 



From 16 parts of hemp seed, Bucholz obtained exposed to air deposites a substance analogous to 



3 parts of oil, 32 parts of albumen, about If of 

 saccharine and gummy matter. The insoluble 

 husks and coats of the seed weighed Q^ parts. 



The different parts of flowers contain different 

 substances : the pollen, or impregnating dust of the 

 date, has been found by Fourcroy and Vauquelin 

 to contain a matter analogous to gluten, and a 

 soluble extract abounding in malic acid. Link 

 found in the pollen of the hazel-tree, much tannin 

 and gluten. 



Saccharine matter is found in the nectarium of 

 flowers, or the receptacles within the corolla, and 

 by tempting the larger insects into the flowers, it 

 renders the work of impregnation more secure; 

 for the pollen is often by their means applied to 

 the stigma ; and this is particularly the case when 

 the male and female organs are in diflerent flowers 

 or different plants. 



[t has been stated, that the fragrance of flowers 

 depends upon the volatile oils they contain ; and 

 these oils, by their constant evaporation, surround 

 the flower with a kind of odorous atmosphere ; 

 which at the same time that it entices larger 

 insects, may probably preserve the parts of fructi- 

 fication from the ravages of smaller ones. Volatile 

 oils, or odorous substances, seem particularly de- 

 structive to these minute insects and animalcules 

 which feed on the substance of vegetables ; th«u- 



starch, and another similar to gluten. 



Opium, gum elastic, gamboge, the poisons of 

 the Upas antiar and Tieute, and other substances 

 that exude from plants, may be considered as pe- 

 culiar juices belonging to appropriate vessels. 



The sap of plants, in general, is very compound 

 in its nature ; and contains more saccharine, mu- 

 cilaginous, and albuminous matter in the albur- 

 num ; and most tannin and extract in the bark. 

 The cambium, which is the mucilaginous fluid 

 found in trees between the wood and the bark, 

 and which is essential to the formation of new 

 parts, seems to be derived from these two kinds 

 of sap ; and probably is a combination of the mu- 

 cilaginous and albuminous matter of one, with 

 the astringent matter of the other, in a state fitted 

 to become organized by the separation of its wa- 

 tery parts. 



The alburnous saps of some trees have been 

 chemically examined by Vauquelin. He found 

 in those of the elm, beech, yoke elm, hornbeam, 

 and birch, extractive and mucilaginous matter, and 

 acetic acid combined with potassa or lime. The 

 solid matter afforded by their evaporation yielded 

 an ammoniacal smell, probably owing to albumen: 

 the sap of the birch aflbrded saccharine matter. 



Deyeux in the sap of the vine and the yoke 

 elm has detected a matter analogous to the curd 



