206 



FARMERS' REGISTER 



The two-year-olds must be kept much better' 

 than (he other young beasts in ihe latter part of 

 the winter and in the spring; as their productive 

 or their usel'ul season is then drawing near, — the 

 heifers calving in April or May, and ihe young 

 steers coming inio full work at the plough in the 

 spring. All the spring, therefore, a good quantity 

 of hay is served out to them. 



The cows are fed, during nearly the first half 

 of the winter, upon straw ; and during the other 

 half, upon meadow-hay. When the cows drop 

 their calves in the spring, ihey are tied up (or 

 about two hours, morning and evening, for the 

 convenience of milking. At these times hay is 

 served out to them in the stalls, that the weak 

 ones may feed undisturbed by the stronger ones ; 

 and, when they are turned out into the yard, al- 

 though they have left hay in their stalls, they 

 instantly go to the cribs in the yard, and eat the 

 hay that is there with as good an appetite, as if 

 they had received nothing during the two hours 

 they were tied up. All the hay left by them in 

 the stalls is taken out, and put into the cribs in the 

 yard, where they eat it with avidity, although they 

 Joathed it in their stalls. This is thought by Mr. 

 Hayward to be an evidence that beasts cannot 

 do so well when tied up, as when they are allowed 

 to run loose. 



The cows are put out to pasture in May upon 

 the best of the old pasture land, about seventy 

 acres of which are required for them, till they can 

 be put upon the after-math of the meadow-land 

 that is mown. All the young stock depasture on 

 the poor, thin land. 



The working oxen get straw, and generally a 

 few turnips, in the yard, during the first part of the 

 winter, when they are not much worked ; but 

 when at work in the spring, they get hay. Good 

 rye-grass and clover-hay is best lor them, as it 

 remains much longer with them than the meadow- 

 hay, which runs through them too fast, when in 

 hard work. When the supply of hay is short, 

 straw and hay are cut into chaH for them. In 

 summer they depasture on the unsound grass 

 land. No corn is ever allowed them. 



The quantity of hay consumed by the beasts 

 during the year may be reckoned at about twenty- 

 four tons for every ten of the cows and the work- 

 ing oxen; twenty tons for every ten of the two- 

 year-olds ; ten tons for every ten of the year-olds ; 

 and eight tons lor every ten ol the calves. 



Horses. — The horses are fed, in winter, upon 

 straw and a little hay, and about half a bushel of 

 oats each per week ; but in spring, when they are 

 in full work, they get hay and a bushel (jf oats 

 each, per week, besides the chaff' that has been 

 collected from the winnowing of the wheat, barley, 

 and oats, and kept for them, and which, if heated 

 from a great quantity of it being kept together and 

 pressed down, is the better for it. 



When light corn or "tailing" is given to the 

 horses, an additional quantity is allowed them to 

 make up (or its lightness ; besides what com- 

 pensation may chance to be made to them by the 

 workmen, who are not very scrupulous about tak- 

 ing corn for their horses, as opportunity offers, — 

 a species of dishonesty not to be too severely re- 

 prehetided. 



The horses get saintfoin-hay, and always some 

 of it along with the chaff' from the winnowing of 

 the corn, which is unsound for horses when given 



them alone. Chaff', halfcomposed of wheat-straw 

 and half of saintfbin-hay, is cut for them, and giv- 

 en them for about six weeks in the winter, the 

 chaff from the winnowing of wheat, barley, and 

 oats during this time, being stored up for their use 

 in the spring. While ihey are on this cut chaff", 

 a iew turnips are sometimes given them, which 

 are of use in keeping their bowels open, when they 

 are fed upon dry food. 



In summer the horses depasture upon the un- 

 sound pasture-ground. 



Upon this (arm there are generally kept ten 

 horses and two brood-mares ; two working colts, 

 two year-old colts, and two sucking colts, besides 

 one riding-horse. Two colts are generally bred 

 Irom the mares to keep up the stock of working- 

 horses. 



The quantity of water required by stock, in 

 summer, is very great. No less than a thousand 

 gallons a day were consumed by the stock on this 

 farm, — eight hundred by the eight hundred sheep, 

 and two hundred by the other slock ; — the com- 

 putation having been made by means of a pond, 

 the dimensions and contents ol which were known. 



Establishment. — On this farm, alihough large, 

 no bailiff' IS kept. Mr. Hayward attends to every 

 thing himseK, directingevery operation, and seeing 

 that it is properly performed. Thus employed, he 

 has not time, nor, finding it incompatible with his 

 interests, has he any inclination to go a-hunting 

 three or (bur days a week, as some farmers in this 

 district still continue to do. He, therefore, saves 

 the expense of a bailiff, as well as that of a groom 

 and hunter, which this amusement would render 

 necessary to him. The present distressed state 

 of agriculturists will not admit of such expenses. 

 Care must be taken to save at all hands, and to 

 make the most of every thing ; and where, as on 

 this firm, a great number ol workmen are con- 

 stantly employed, more is gained by economy in 

 their time and labor than most people are aware of. 



Upon this farm there are constantly employed, 

 twenty-five men, seven boys, and three women, 

 viz., — four men as carters, one of whom being 

 headsman has the charge of the rest, and sees 

 that the horses are attended to ; four stout young 

 lads as plough-boys ; three ox-men to work the 

 oxen, with three boys to drive, one of these men 

 also being a headsman, in whom a greater degree 

 of trust is confided, and who has the superintend- 

 ing charge of the oxen ; three cow-men, to at- 

 tend to the dairy-cows, one of them having the 

 principal charge of the cows; one shepherd; 

 eight men who, in winter and spring, thrash the 

 corn, in summer and autumn mow the grass for 

 hay, hoe the turnips, reap the wheat and beans, 

 and mow the oats and barley, — and who are paid 

 (or their work by the great, or by piece-work, 

 seldom or never by the day, receiving so much a 

 quarter (or thrashing, and so much per acre for 

 mowing grass and corn, and reaping wheat and 

 beans ; six men and boys, paid also by the piece, 

 seldom or never by the day, and employed in 

 paring and burning in the spring, in mowing grass 

 (or hay in summer, in turnip hoeing in the sea- 

 son, in mowing and reaping in the harvest, in 

 mowing and raking stubble, and in breast-plough- 

 ing stubble in the end of harvest and winter; 

 lastly, a house-keeper and three women employed 

 in the dairy. 



Besides the above number of hands, in constant 



