■U I'll- I.I. Mantai. 



c. Couv hrconiinj^ hliu' ;uul llcshy; twigs not flat- 

 tened; loaves or sonic of tliem often subulate. 



Juniperus. (11). 

 • !. Leaf-buds scaly; carpels usually numerous; leaves 

 spirally arranged, the foliage leaves often situated 

 on dwarf branches. Pinaceae. 

 a. Without dwarf branches, b. 



a. With dwarf branches, d. 



b. Leaf scar on a stcrignia, the twigs covered with 



scales representing the leaf bases, c. 

 1). Leaf scar on the bark; twigs without scales; 

 leaves usually flat; carpellate cones erect. 



Abies. (V). 



c. Leaves more or less 4-sided, spreading in all di- 



rections; carpellate cones pendulous. Picea. (3). 



c. Leaves flat, those on the upper side of the twig 



much shorter than the lateral ones; carpellate 

 cones small, pendulous. Tsuga. (4). 



d. T^eaves deciduous, nunicrous mi thick. Avart-like 



dwarf branches. Larix. (0). 

 d. Leaves needle-shaped, persistent. 2-7 on small 

 self-pruned dwarf branches. Pinus. (7). 



I. Leaxes mostly i)arallel-veined, sometimes netted- 

 veined; ])arts of the Howler very often in threes 

 (trimerous); cotyledon L the closed vascular 

 bundles scattered through the pith, usually not in 

 a circle; no annual rings of growth. No trees in 

 our region. AIonocotvlae. 



4. Leaves usually netted-veined; parts of the tlovver 

 more commonly in fives (pentamerous) or fours 

 (tetramerous) ; cotyledons usually 2; vascular 

 bundles usually in a circle around a central pith, 

 forming annual rings of growth in perennial steins, 

 witli bark on tlie outside. •'•.- 



