]2 Field Manual 



7. h'oliagc leaves small, scale-like, appressed, opposite. 

 4-ranked. usually much elongated, on somewhat 

 flattened branches; scales of the carpellate cone 

 t-(i, the two upper fertile, not peltate. 



Libocedrus. (9). 



7. Foliage leaves small, scale-like, appressed. opposite. 



4-ranked, closely covering the slightly flattened 

 twigs which are not very fan-like ; leaves nearly or 

 quite similar ; scales of the carpellate cone peltate. 



Chamaecyparis. (10). 

 7 l-oliage leaves of two types, scale-like and subulate, 

 opposite or in threes; the scale-like leaves 4-ranked, 

 appressed, causing the twigs to appear quad- 

 rangular, the subulate leaves spreading ; one or 

 both types of leaves on a plant; carpellate cone 

 developing into a bluish-black, berry-like fruit. 



Juniperus. (11). 



— 8— 



8. Leaves alternate. 9. 



8. Leaves opposite or whorled. 74. 



9. Leaves simple. 10. 



9. Leaves compound. 62. 



10. Leaves pinnately veined or with a simple midrib. 11. 

 1<>. Leaves palmately veined or at least with 2 or more 



prominent side ribs coming from near the base of 

 the blade. 53. 



11. Leaves truncate or broadly emarginate ; with complete 



stipular rings at the nodes. Liriodendron. (13). 

 11. Leaves entire. 12. 



11. Leaves serrate, dentate, crcnate, pinnatifid, or vari- 



ously lobed. 25. 



12. With stipular rings at each leaf node; leaves large. 



Magnolia. (12). 



12. Not with stipular rings. 13. 



13. With thorns and milky sap. 14. 



13. Without thorns; sap not milky. 15. 



14. With thorns beside the axillary buds; leaves not 



tapering at the base, acute or even heart-shaped. 



Toxylon. (52). 



