CHAPTER II. 



THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MUSCLE AND THE 



CHEMICAL CHANGES OF CONTRACTION AND 



OF RIGOR MORTIS. 



Muscle Plasma. The beginning of our present knowledge of 

 the chemical composition of muscle is found in some interesting ex- 

 periments made by Kiihne upon frog's muscle. Kiihne froze the 

 living muscle to a hard mass, cut it into fine shavings with cold 

 knives, and ground the pieces thoroughly in a cold mortar. The 

 fine muscle snow thus obtained was put under high pressure and 

 a liquid expressed which was assumed to represent the fluid living 

 substance in the normal fiber. This muscle plasma clotted on stand- 

 ing, much as blood does, the muscle clot shrinking and squeezing 

 out a muscle serum. Similar experiments have since been per- 

 formed by Halliburton* on mammalian muscle. This spontaneous 

 clotting of the living plasma has been held to be important in 

 showing the probable cause of death rigor. 



Composition of the Muscle Plasma. Using the term muscle 

 plasma to designate the entire contents of the muscle fiber within 

 the sarcolemma, it is obvious that it should contain all the con- 

 stituents that properly belong to the muscle, in contradistinction 

 to the substances found in the connective tissue binding the muscle 

 fibers together. 



The constituents in addition to water that are known to occur 

 in muscle are very numerous indeed, and difficult to classify. They 

 may be grouped under the following heads: (1) Proteids. (2) Car- 

 bohydrates and fats. (3) Nitrogenous waste products. (4) Special 

 substances, such as lactic acid, inosite, inosinic acid, phosphocarnic 

 acid. (5) Pigments. (6) Ferments. (7) Inorganic salts. Very 

 little that is positive can be stated regarding the physiological role 

 of most of these constituents, the interest that attaches to them 

 at present being largely on the chemical side. 



The Muscle Proteids.f The proteids of the muscle have been 

 investigated by a number of observers, but unfortunately the 



* Halliburton, "Journal of Physiology," 8, 133, 1888. 



f Von Fiirth, "Archiv f. exper. Path. u. Pharmakol.," 36, 231, 1895. See 

 also Halliburton, "Journal of Physiology," 8, 133, 1888; and Stewart and 

 Sollman, ibid., 24, 427, 1899. 



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