BLOOD-PRESSURE AND BLOOD-VELOCITY. 463 



diastole. The elasticity of the arteries, in connection with the 

 peripheral resistance, makes an important difference. As the heart 

 discharges into the aorta the pressure rises, but the walls of the 

 arterial system are distended by the increased pressure, and during, 

 the following diastole the recoil of these distended walls maintains 

 a flow of blood through the capillaries into the veins. With a 

 certain rapidity of heart beat the distension of the arterial walls is 

 increased to such a point that the outflow through the capillaries 

 into the veins is as great during diastole as during systole; the. 

 rhythmical flow in the arteries becomes converted by the elastic 

 tension of the overfilled arterial system into a continuous flow in. 

 the capillaries and veins. This effect may be illustrated by a simple 

 schema such as is represented in Fig. 195. A syringe bulb (a), rep- 

 resenting the heart, is connected by a short piece of rubber tubing to a 

 glass tube (6), and also by a piece of distensible band tubing (e) with 



Fig. 195. Simple schema to illustrate the factors producing a constant head of pres- 

 sure in the arterial system : a, A syringe bulb with valves, representing the heart ; 6, glass- 

 tube with fine point representing a path with resistance alone, but no extensibility (the out- 

 flow is in spurts synchronous with the strokes of the pump) ; c, outflow with resistance and, 

 also extensible and elastic walls represented by the large rubber bag, e ; the outflow is a 

 steady stream due to the elastic recoil of the distended bag, e. 



a similar glass tube drawn to a fine point (c). In the latter case the- 

 distensible, elastic tubing represents the arterial system, and the 

 fine pointed glass tube the peripheral resistance of the capillary area. 

 If the syringe bulb is put into rhythmical play and the flow is directed 

 through tube b the discharges are in rhythmical spurts, but if 

 directed through tube c the discharge is a continuous stream, 

 since the force of the separate beats becomes stored as elastic tension 

 in the walls of the band tubing, and it is this constant force which 

 drives a steady stream through the capillary point. In a general 

 way, this schema gives us a true picture of the conditions in the cir- 

 culation. The rhythmical force of the heart beat is stored as elastic 

 tension in the walls of the arteries, and it is the squeeze of these 

 distended walls which gives the continuous driving force that is- 

 responsible for the constant flow in the capillaries and veins. 



Enumeration of the Factors Concerned in Producing Nor- 

 mal Pressure and Velocity. In the normal circulation we may 



