350 



CLASSIFICATION OF VERTEBRATES. 



lachrymals to the rostrum, etc. The GALLING (Rasores, Alectoromorphas) 



includes the quail (Coturnix), partridge (Perdix), grouse (Tetrao, Bonasa), 



jungle-fowl, including our domestic fowl 

 (Callus), pheasants (Phasianus, Thau- 

 malea), turkeys (Meleagris), peafowl 

 (Pavo) . These have the hallux rudimen- 

 tary and elevated above the other toes 

 and two carotid arteries. The COLUMB^E 

 (Pullastrae) have usually two carotids 

 and the hallux well developed and near 

 the ground. The group is hardly to be 

 distinguished as a family from the Gall- 

 inae. It contains the doves and pigeons 

 (Coliunba, Gonra, Didunculus), as typi- 

 cal members, while the mound-birds 

 (Megapodius), the curassows (Crax), and 

 the sand-grouse (Pterocles')^ are more 

 aberrant. The dodo (Did?ts), extermi- 

 nated about two centuries ago, was an 

 aberrant pigeon. The humming-birds 



form the family TROCHILID^E, which has relations with the picarian birds. 



The toes, however, are three, directed forwards as in the preceding groups. 



FIG. 342. Wilson's snipe, 

 Gallinago wi/som, from Tenney, 

 after Wilson. 



FIG. 343. Bird of Paradise {Paradisea apoda), female, from Hertwig, 

 after Levaillant. 



Other characters are the presence of basipterygoid processes and the 

 existence of a single carotid. In the PICARI^E the first and fourth toes 

 are directed backwards, while the palate is of the saurognathous type 



