MAMMALS. 415 



PACHYLEMURID.E, z | to f , c \, p -*-, m |. From the eocene and lowest 

 miocene of Europe and America. Adapts of Europe is the best known. Pely- 

 codus, Tomitherium. This family is regarded by Cope as the ancestor of the 

 true apes. The modern lemurs may have sprung from the ANAPTOMOR- 

 PHID.E, in which the lachrymal foramen lies outside the orbit, while the den- 

 tition is / 'I to , c y, p \ to f , m \. Anaptomorphus, from the lower eocene, 

 of Wyoming, resembles Tarsius (infra}. Necrolemur. 



The TARSIIDVE of the Indian archipelago, with only a single species,. 

 Tarsius spectrum, has a dentition / f , c |, p |, /// f ; digits 2 and 3 of the 

 hind feet with claws. In its placentation Tarsius differs from all other 

 prosimiae and approaches man. The lemurs proper belong to the LEMURID^I. 

 with / f , c i, / | to f , m f , the lower incisors and canines directed forward,, 

 and the first premolar serving as a canine. Indris, Lemur, Galago, Loris^. 

 etc. The CHIROMYID^ with / \, c , p ^, in \ , contains but a single species, 

 the ave-aye, Chiromys madagascarensis, which recalls the rodents in its- 

 incisors and diastema, and is unique in the greatly elongate middle digit of 

 the hand. 



Two aberrant families, exhibiting some relationships to the lemurs, may be 

 mentioned here. The first is NESOPITHECID^E, based on the fossil Malagassy 

 genius Nesopithecus, which has the premolar dentition of a true lemur, with 

 the orbit of a simian. The second is the GALEOPITHECID/E, with a single 

 genus, Galeopithecus, from the East Indies. It is frequently referred to the 

 insectivores with which it agrees in its deciduate discoidal placenta. It has 

 the fore and hind limbs connected by membrane forming a parachute like, 

 that of the flying-squirrel. 



SUB-ORDER 2. SIMILE (ANTHROPOIDEA). 



Arboreal or terrestrial primates, with the digits (except hapalidae) all witfr 

 nails, molars with 4 or 3 tubercles ; orbits completely separated from temporal 

 fossa by a plate of bone beneath the postorbital bar ; cerebrum greatly con- 

 volute, covering or nearly covering the cerebellum ; mammae two, always 

 thoracic ; uterus simple ; placenta discoidal, deciduate. 



The simiae include the monkeys, apes, and man, and the deeper struc- 

 tural features are rc-inforced by characters of less- importance. Thus the eyes 

 are directed forwards, the ears are much as in man, and in the young the 

 whole appearance of the face of the lower forms is more like that of the 

 human being than is that of the adult, the change being largely effected by 

 a later forward growth of the jaws. Man excepted, the sub-order is confined 

 to the warmer parts of both hemispheres, but fossils are found in Europe as 

 far north as England. The sub-order has developed in two lines in the two- 

 hemispheres, the platyrhine forms belonging to the new world, the catarrhine 

 to the old. 



In the PLATYRHINI the nostrils are separated by a wide septum, and are 

 directed outwards. The HAPALID/E have /' f , c \,p f , ;;/ f ; all digits, except 

 the great toe, furnished with claws, and the tail non-prehensile. The species 

 belonging to the genera Hapale and Midas have the common name of 

 marmosets. Apparently this family has descended from the CEBID^, ia. 



