Xll 



CONTENTS 



(6) BREATHING BY LUNGS ; COVERED WITH FEATHERS ; ANTERIOR 

 IN THE FORM OF WINGS ; OVIPAROUS. 



LIMBS 



CLASS II.: BIRDS 

 ORDER I. 



II. 

 HI. 

 IV. 



v. 



VI. 

 VII. 



vm. 



ii IX. 



X. 



v,, XI. 

 v,, XII. 



7,,xm. 

 v,, xiv. 



BIRDS OF PREY 



WOODPECKERS 



CUCULINE BIRDS 



PARROTS 



SWIFT-LIKE BIRDS 



SONG-BIRDS ... 



PIGEONS 



GALLINACEOUS BIRDS ... 



CURSORIAL BIRDS 



WADERS 



DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS 



PELICAN-LIKE BIRDS 



LARIFORM BIRDS 



DIVERS 



PAGE 



139 

 153 

 163 

 168 

 171 

 173 

 176 

 195 

 199 

 205 

 208 

 216 

 222 

 223 

 225 



(c) BREATHING BY LUNGS; COVERED WITH HORNY OR BONY SHIELDS; 



MOSTLY OVIPAROUS. 



CLASS III. : KEPTILES ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 228 



ORDER I.: LIZARDS ... ... ... ... ... ... 231 



II.: SNAKES ... ... ... ... ... ... 236 



,, III.: CROCODILES ... ... ... ... ... ... 245 



IV.: TORTOISES ... ... ... ... ... ... 246 



(d) BREATHING BY GILLS WHEN YOUNG, IN ADULT LIFE BY LUNGS AND 

 GILLS, OR BY LUNGS ALONE ; SKIN SMOOTH AND SOFT ; MOSTLY OVIPAROUS. 



CLASS IV. : AMPHIBIANS... .... ... ... ... ... . M 252 



ORDER I. : FROGS AND TOADS ... ... ... ... ... 255 



II.: TAILED AMPHIBIANS 261 



(e) BREATHING BY GILLS THROUGHOUT LIFE ; SKIN USUALLY BEARING 

 SCALES ; LIMBS IN THE FORM OF FINS ; MOSTLY OVIPAROUS. 



CLASS V. : FISHES ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 266 



ORDER I.: BONY FISHES ... ... ... ... ... ... 277 



II. : ENAMEL- SCALED FISHES ... ... ... ... 297 



,, III.: SHARKS AND KAYS ... ... ... ... ... 299 



IV.: BOUND-MOUTHED FISHES ... ... ... ... 303 



,, V. : LANCELETS 304 



