486 



MOVEMENTS VOICE AND SPEECH. 



regenerated. The importance of the 

 periosteum has been still farther illus- 

 trated by the experiments of Oilier 

 and others, upon transplantation of 

 this membrane in the different tissues 

 of living animals, which has been fol- 

 lowed by the formation of bone in 

 these situations. 



Physiological Anatomy of Carti- 

 lage. In this connection the structure 

 of the articular cartilages presents the 

 chief physiological interest. The ar- 

 ticular surfaces of all the bones are 



.m.-sectionof cartilage from the nb of the encrusted with a layer of cartilage, 



ox, showing the homogeneous fundamental 

 substance, cartilage - cavities and cartilage- 

 cells; magnified 370 diameters (from a photo- 

 graph taken at the United States (Army Medical 



Qr >rl 

 and 



B 



Tro rv no- n 

 Varying m 



1_ nf sm i-nrVi (C\~^ onrl 1 mm \ 

 & ( - 1 mm.). 



cartilaginous substance is white, opal- 

 ine, and semi-transparent when examined in thin sections. It is not 

 covered with a membrane, but in the 

 non - articular cartilages it has an 

 investment analogous to the perios- 

 teum. 



Examined in thin sections, cartilage 

 is found to consist of a homogeneous 

 fundamental substance, marked with 

 excavations, called cartilage-cavities or 

 chondroplasts. The intervening sub- 

 stance has a peculiar organic constitu- 

 ent, called chondrine. The organic 

 matter is united with a certain propor- 

 tion of inorganic salts. This funda- 

 mental substance is elastic and resist- 

 ing. The cartilages are closely united 

 to the subjacent bony tissue. The 

 free articular surface has already been 

 described in connection with the syn- 

 ovial membranes. 



Cartilage- Cavities. These cavities 

 are rounded or ovoid, measuring y^- 

 to -g-j-fr of an inch (20 to 80 /x) in diam- 

 eter. They are generally smaller in 



the articular cartilages than in other FlG . 164 ._ Perpen ^. cw , arsecf , ono/ad , ar ^ rod , a , 

 situations, as in the costal cartilages. 



rr,! . , .. ,, 



They are Simple excavations in the 

 i Jiii i i 



f Undamental Substance, have 110 lining 



membrane, and they contain a small 



cartilage (Sappey). 



1, 1, osseous tissue ; 2, 2, superficial layer of osse- 

 ous tissue treated with hydrochloric acid; 8,3, 

 cavities and cells of the deep layer of carti- 

 lage ; 4, 4, cavities and cells of the middle lay. 



5 ' cavities and cells of the 8uperficial 



