100 THE LIFE-STORY OF INSECTS [CH. 



the upper (calyx) end. Here it feeds, growing with 

 the growth of the fruit, feeding on the tissue around 

 the cores, ultimately eating its way out through a 

 lateral hole, and crawling upwards if its apple-habi- 

 tation has fallen, downwards if it still remains on the 

 bough, to shelter under a loose piece of bark where it 

 spins its cocoon about midsummer and hibernates still 

 in the larval condition. Not until spring is the pupal 

 form assumed, and then it quickly passes into the 

 imaginal state. In the south of England, as F. V. 

 Theobald (1909) has lately shown, and also in south- 

 western Ireland, this species may be double-brooded, 

 the usual condition on the European continent and 

 in the United States of America. There the mid- 

 summer larvae pupate at once and the moths of an 

 August brood lay eggs on the hanging or stored 

 fruit ; in this case, again, however, the full-grown larva, 

 quickly fed-up within the developed apples, is the 

 wintering stage. 



Several of the insects mentioned in this survey, 

 like the last-named codling moth, are occasionally 

 double-brooded. As an example of the many Lepi- 

 doptera, which in our islands have normally two 

 complete life-cycles in the year, we may take the 

 very familiar White butterflies (Pieris) of which three 

 species are common everywhere. The appearance of 

 the first brood of these, butterflies on the wing in 

 late April or May is hailed as a sign of advanced 



