SUMMARY OF CONTENTS i x 



3. Katabolism in Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Plants 



a. Respiration. Decrease in dry weight, 191; economic coefficient, 191. Extent of 



respiration. Proof, 191 ; respiration in chlorophyll-containing cells, 194. Res- 

 piratory materials. Carbohydrates : complete combustion, 196 ; formation of 

 acids, especially in Fungi and succulents, 197 ; fats, 199; proteid, 200. De- 

 pendence on external factors. Light and temperature, 201 ; influence of 

 materials, 201. Intra-molecular respiration, 202 ; cause (204) and significance 

 (205) of respiration. Historical data, 205. 



b. Fermentation, 207. 



1. Alcoholic fermentation, especially of yeast, 207 ; nutritive materials, 208 : 



fermentative materials of yeast, 208 ; products of fermentation, 210; cause 

 of fermentation, 211; zymase, 211; relation to enzymes, 211; zymase in 

 intra-molecular respiration, 212. Dependence on oxygen, 212 ; aerobes, 

 anaerobes, 213. Biological significance of fermentation, 213. 



2. Butyric acid fermentation, 214 ; effect of oxygen, 215. 



3. Further fermentation of alcohol into acetic and carbonic acids, 216. 



4. Fermentation of carbohydrates, 217; formation of lactic acid, 2 17 ; formation 



of butyric acid, 217; fermentation of cellulose, 217; fermentation of pectin, 

 218. Conversion of the products of fermentation by other organisms, 2 1 8. 



5. Fermentation of proteids, 219. 



4. Special Cases of Anabolism and Katabolism 



a. Oxidation of inorganic materials (respiration). 



1. Sulphur-bacteria. Beggiatoa. Origin of sulphuretted hydrogen, 221; oxida- 



tion of sulphuretted hydrogen, 221 ; red sulphur bacteria, 223. 



2. Iron-bacteria, 224. 



3. Nitro-bacteria. Origin of ammonia. Fermentation of urea, 224 ; oxidation 



of ammonia, 225 ; nitrate and nitrite bacteria, 226. 



b. Assimilation in nitro- and sulphur-bacteria. Assimilation of carbonic acid 



by nitro-bacteria, 227 ; oxidation of organic substances by nitro-bacteria, 228; 

 assimilation in sulphur-bacteria, 229 ; sensitivity of nitro-bacteria to organic 

 substances, 229. 



c. Denitrification and fixation of nitrogen, 231. 



1. Denitrification, 231. 



2. Fixation of nitrogen, 232. Clostridium pasteurianum, 233 ; symbiotic union 



with other bacteria, 233 ; cultures, 234 ; other micro-organisms alleged to 

 fix nitrogen, 234 ; Leguminosae, 235 ; symbiosis with B. radicicola, 237 ; 

 fixation of nitrogen, 237. 



d. Symbiosis and metabiosis. 



1. Instances related to the case of Leguminosae, 239. 



2. Mycorhiza. Endotrophic forms, 240 ; ectotrophic forms, 24 1 . 



3. Lichens, 242. 



4. Metabiosis. Circulation of carbon and nitrogen in organisms, 243. 



PART II 



METAMORPHOSIS 

 I. Problems of Developmental Physiology 



1. First example : development of the Myxomycetes, 247. 



2. Second example : development of Basidiobolus, 248. 



3. Third example : flowering plants. Development, 250 ; differentiation and division 



of labour, 2 50 ; correlations, 252. Influence of external conditions on develop- 

 ment, 252 ; formal conditions, 253 ; formative results, 254. 



4. Fundamental problems of Biology. Mechanical explanation of life, 254 ; organi- 



zation and mechanism, 254 ; matter and form, 256. 



