OF FOOD AND HUNGER. 217 



pylorus nearer the left, so that a blind pouch is left on either 

 side. In the carnivorous, the reverse is the case, and the 

 stomach cylindrical, to favour the quick passage of the food. 

 For the same reason, the intestines in the latter, even in insects, 

 are generally shorter, and have fewer valvulae conniventes, and, 

 in some instances, no ccecum. 



(F) In animals which subsist on animal food, the condyles of 

 the lower jaw are locked in an elongated glenoid cavity, and all 

 rotatory motion thus prevented, as motion upwards and down- 

 wards is sufficient for the laceration of the food. In vegetable 

 feeders the joint is shallow, so that a horizontal motiort is 

 allowed for grinding the food. For its nature in man, see 

 paragraph 339. 



(G) In 1750, a caravan of Abyssinians had consumed all their 

 provisions, and would have starved but that they discovered 

 among their merchandise a stock of gum arabic, on which alone 

 a thousand persons subsisted for two months.* Yet M. Ma- 

 jendie found that dogs perished if fed only with gum or sugar, 

 olive oil, butter, and similar articles, regarded as nutritious, that 

 eontain no azote, f But although such substances be alone un- 

 able to nourish, yet when united with others they may afford 

 some support, for persons accustomed to a mixed diet generally 

 grow thinner, if they confine themselves to vegetable food, which 

 is indubitably good nourishment, and even if we grant that such 

 substances are not nutritious to dogs, they may be proper food 

 for other species ; and to prove even that these are not nutritious 

 to dogs, the animals should have been gradually brought to feeU 

 on them only. For animals may be brought to live on food the 

 most opposite to what their nature inclines them, if the change 

 is made insensibly : — Spallanzani made a pigeon live on flesh 

 and an eagle on bread ; if fresh water molusca are put into sea 

 water, or sea water molusca into fresh water, they perish 5 but 



* Hflsselquist, Voyages in the Levant, p. 2i<8. 



f Annates it C/timie ct dc Phiaiquc. iii. 126. 18i5. 



