VARIETIES OF MANKIND. 437 



The Caucasian variety of head, nearly round, is the mean of 

 the rest, while the Mongolian, almost square, forms one extreme, 

 having the American intermediate, and the Ethiopian the other 

 extreme, having the Malay intermediate, between it and the 

 Caucasian. 



The Caucasian variety of face is also the mean, while the Mon- 

 golian and American, extended laterally, form one extreme, and 

 the Ethiopian and Malay, extended inferiorly, constitute the 

 other. In the first of each extreme, viz. the Mongolian and 

 Ethiopian, the features are distinct, while in the second, viz. the 

 American and Malay, they are somewhat blended. 



Although this division of mankind is well founded and ex- 

 tremely useful, it is liable, like every artificial division of natural 

 objects, to many exceptions. Individuals belonging to one 

 variety are not unfrequently observed with some of the charac- 

 teristics of another ; * the characteristics of two varieties are 



tion,— the iris agrees with the hair, but then the foals are originally cream 

 coloured and the skin is cream coloured. Hunter, On the colour of the pig- 

 mentutn of the eye in different animals. 1. c. p. 247. 



* " Sooty blackness is not peculiar to the Ethiopian, but is occasionally 

 found in other varieties of men very different and remote from each other, in 

 the Brazilians, Californians, Indians, and some South Sea Islanders; and 

 among the latter, the new Caledonians form an insensible transition with the 

 chesnut coloured inhabitants of Tongatabu from the tawny Otaheitans to the 

 black New Hollanders." Blumenbach, 1. c. § 43. 



" Some tribes of Ethiopians have long hair ; (Bruce on the Gallas ; African 

 Institution on the people of Bornu) on the contrary, some copper coloured 

 people have the crisp hair of the Ethiopian (The inhabitants of the Duke of 

 York's island, near New Ireland ; Vide Hunter, Historical Account of the pro- 

 ceedings at Port Jackson). Again the hair of the New Hollanders, specimens 

 of which I have now before me, is so perfectly intermediate between the crisp 

 hair of the Ethiopian and the curly hair of the islanders of the Pacific ocean, 

 that there has been much diversity of opinion, from the first Dutch to the latest 

 English travellers, to which of the two varieties it should be referred. As to 

 the varieties of colour existing among nations whose hair is usually black, we 

 have sufficient authority for asserting that numerous instances of red hair 

 occur in all the three last varieties." 1. c. § 52. 



" The Caffres and the people of Congo have hair not unlike that of Eu- 



