VARIETIES OF MANKIND. 455 



while those who enjoy the blessings of civilisation, i. e. good 

 food and covering, with mental cultivation and enjoyment, ge- 

 nerally acquire in the same proportion the Caucasian character- 

 istics. The different effects of different degrees of cultivation, 

 says Dr. Smith, " are most conspicuous in those countries in 

 which the laws have made the most complete and permanent di- 

 vision of ranks. What an immense difference exists in Scotland 

 between the chiefs and the commonalty of the highland clans. 

 If they had been separately found in different countries, the phi- 

 losophy of some writers would have ranged them in different 

 species. A similar distinction takes place between the nobi- 

 lity and peasantry of France, Spain, of Italy, of Germany. It 

 is even more conspicuous in eastern nations, where a wider dif- 

 ference exists between the highest and the lowest classes in so- 

 ciety. The naires or nobles of Calicut, in the East Indies, have 

 with the usual ignorance and precipitancy of travellers been pro- 

 nounced a different race from the populace ; because the former, 

 elevated by their rank, and devoted only to martial studies and 

 achievements, are distinguished by that manly beauty, and ele- 

 vated stature so frequently found with the profession of arms ; 

 especially when united with nobility of descent ; the latter poor 

 and laborious, and exposed to hardships without the spirit or 

 the hope to better their condition, are much more deformed and 

 diminutive in their persons, and in their complexion much more 

 black. In France, says Buffon, you may distinguish by their 

 aspect not only the nobility from the peasantry, but the superior 

 orders of nobility from the inferior, these from citizens, and citi- 

 zens from peasants." — " The field slaves in America," continues 

 Dr. Smith, " are badly clothed, fed, and lodged, and live in 

 small huts on the plantations, remote from the example and 

 society of their superiors. Living by themselves, they retain 

 many of the customs and manners of their ancestors. The 

 domestic servants, on the other hand, who are kept near the 

 persons, or employed in the family of their masters, are treated 

 with great lenity, their service is light, they are fed and clothed 



