Results of the Expedition 279 



valuable material was gained for the observation and diffusion 

 of ferruginous conglomerates, which up till then had been 

 erroneously termed bog-iron-ore. Bornhardt in his fundamental 

 work on the surface configuration and the geology of German 

 East Africa had already suggested that this mineral species 

 is by no means identical with our swamp-ore, but he wrongly 

 connected its origin with the underground water. Time was also 

 devoted to the study of the various forms of atmospheric dis- 

 integration which were encountered ; also to the hot springs of 

 Mtagata in Karagwe, Irungatscho and Maji ja moto. During 

 Kirschstein's stay of half a year in the volcanic and lake 

 territory he explored the Virunga volcanoes to the north 

 of Lake Kiwu with regard to their formation, the erup- 

 tive effects of their magma, their subsoil and their tectonic 

 relations. Investigations which were made respecting the 

 earlier water-level and extent of Lake Kiwu and Lake Albert 

 Edward, and especially as to their origin and mutual relations, 

 finally led to the conclusion, supported by geological and 

 palaeontological remains, that these two lakes formed a common 

 water-basin before the birth of the volcanoes, which stretched 

 out 45 kilometres northward beyond the present-day northern 

 shores of Lake Albert Edward. Altogether twenty-eight 

 loads of stone and rock were collected. Seventeen of these 

 fall to the share of the volcanic territory ; the north-western 

 portion of German East Africa accounts for five (west shore of 

 Lake Victoria, Karagwe, North and East Ruanda) ; the fos- 

 silised molluscous fauna of Lake Kiwu yielded two, and four 

 loads came from the western margin of the Central African 

 rift-valley and from the Congo basin. A preliminary report of 

 the geologist's researches will be found in the Mitteilung a. d 

 Deutsch. Scku'tzgeb., fakrgang, 1908, page 168. 



The expedition's botanical spoils comprise 3,466 specimens. 

 The larger part has already been arranged and classified at the 

 Royal Botanical Museum at Berlin. So far forty-nine new liver- 

 worts have been found, and a cursory inspection of the feather- 

 mosses leads one to believe that this figure may be increased ; 



