324 MSHES. 



the proportion of the body, hut in comparison with the mass of nerves 

 which it gives off, and witli the cavity of the skull in which it is 

 lodged. 



communicated in that work several general facts relating to the distribution of the 

 nerves ; and those of the head and adjacent parts in the carp are also represented. 



In 1813 M. Apostole-Arsaky, in a thesis supported by him at Halle, De cerebro et 

 medulla sjnnali piscium, has represented the brains of the conger, the sword-fish, the 

 hake, the motella, the star-gazer, the ribband-fish, the scorpjena, the dory, the sole, 

 the moon-fish, the sparusraii, the sargus, the sparus salpa, the boops, the saurel, 

 the mullet, the crondin, the white shark, tlie zygeena, the scyllium, and the ray. 

 This is the richest and the most correct collection of this genus. The author in this 

 work considers the hollow lobes immediately before the cerebellum as the analogues 

 of the tubercula quadrigemina, and those which are placed before the latter as repre- 

 senting alone the hemispheres. 



In 1S17 M. Weber in his Anaiomia comparata neri-i St/mpathici, printed at Leispsic, 

 gives again the brain of the carp, find continues to call the hollow lobes hemis- 

 pheres ; but it in the azygos lobe or cerebellum that he thinks he sees the analogue 

 of the tubercula quadrigemina, and he calls the lobes behind the azygos those which 

 border and cover the fourth ventricle. In 1820 in his treatise De mere et aiiditu 

 hominis et animalium, he represents also the brain of the carp, and adds to it that of 

 the silurus. Independently of these, we are indebted to this skilful anatomist for 

 important discoveries respecting the Neurology of fishes, but especially for that of 

 the superior longitudinal nerve, which he believes is always given off by the fifth 

 pair, but to which also the eight very often contributes. 



The same year M. Fenner in a thesis published at Jena, De anatomia comparata 

 et naturaU pMlosophia commentatio etc., clings still to the notion that the true brain 

 is in the hollow lobes, and he places the optic thalami in the inferior lobes. 



The same year also M. G. R. Treviranus in a memoir on the brain, inserted in 

 the third volume of the collection which he published in conjunction with his brother, 

 gives also his theory of the brain of fishes. The anterior lobes appeared to him to 

 represent the olfactory bulbs of the brain in the mammalia; the hollow lobes anterior 

 to the cerebellum, in which, as he calls them, the posterior hemispheres are analogues 

 of the posterior parts of the optic thalami, but lie attributes to them the functions of 

 the brain itself; the tubercles which they contain are the quadrigemina ; the inferior 

 lobes, the corpora albicantia. Thus, it will be seen, that he separates himself very 

 little from M. Camper, and his followers. 



The Academy of Sciences proposed, on my solicitation, as the subject of one of 

 their prizes for 1821, a comparative description of the brain, throughout the four 

 classes of vertebrated animals, and this was a direct excitement to fresh inves- 

 tigations. 



The author who obtained the prize, M. Serre, published his work in 1824, in 

 which he describes and represents the brains of the ray, tlie white shark, the angel 

 fish, the spotted-dog-fisli, the sturgeon, the conger, the eel, the cod, the whiting, the 

 haddock, the turbot, the sole, carp, barbel, tench, pike, perch, gurnard, and lophius. 

 His figures are unfortunately executed with the greatest neghgenee. From the large 

 volume and the cavity of the tubercula quadrigemina in the foetus of the mammalia, 

 he is induced with M. Arsaky to regard the lobes anterior to the cerebellum, as the 

 analogues of these tubercles, and the brain generally, as a complete representation 

 in most respects of that of the fcttus in the higher animals. 



M. Desmoulins, who had also contended for the prize, published in conjunction 

 with M. Majendie, a work more extensive in its nature than that which he had 

 transmitted to the Academy. He describes in the second book of this work, 

 vol. 1. p. 140 — 183, the cerebro-spinal system of fishes, and fnrnishes many observa- 

 ions on their various nerves. His descriptions are illustrated by representations of 

 the brains, and detached portions of the nei-vous system of the thornback, of the 

 Tough ray, torpedo, lamprey, several of the sharks, of the sturgeon, moon-fish, of 

 two mullets, the otter pike, the barbel, the carp, the cod, the whiting, the ling, the 

 lump fish, turbot-carp, and conger. He adopts with M. Serre the ideas of Arsaky on 

 the different lobes. 



