APPKNDIX. 



397 



Aristotle. 

 of human beings at that early period 

 of life do not differ from those of 

 the inferior animals. 



As man possesses contrivance, and 

 wisdom, and comprehension ; so 

 some animals possess a certain na- 

 tural power, which, though not the 

 same as, in some respects resembles, 

 those faculties. 



All animals which have red blood, 

 have a spine or backbone : but the 

 other parts of the bony system are 

 wanting in some species, and present 

 in others. The spine is the base or 

 origin of the bony system: it is com- 

 posed of vertebra?, which are all per- 

 forated ; and extends from the head 

 to the hips : and the cranium is a 

 continuation of its upper or anterior 

 extremity. 



Red-blooded animals when in their 

 perfect state have either no extre- 

 mities, or they have one or two pair. 

 Those animals which have more 

 than two pair are not red-blooded. 



In some animals the correspond- 

 ing limbs are different in form, but 

 analogous in use. Thus the ante- 

 rior extremities of birds are neither 

 hands nor feet, but wings. Fish have 

 no limbs, but appendages, called fins, 

 commonly four in number, some- 

 times two. 



The red-blooded animals are man, 

 vi\"iparous and oviparous quadru- 

 peds, birds, fish, cetaceous animals, 

 and snakes, &c. 



Animals of the largest size are 

 found among those which are red- 

 blooded. All animals which have 

 colourless blood are smaller in size 

 than those which have red blood ; 

 with the exception of a few marine 

 animals, as some of the sepise. 



All red-blooded animals have the 

 five senses. 



Cuvier, torn. I. 



In a greatnumber of animals there 

 exists a faculty, different from in- 

 telligence, which is called instinct. 



The first genei'al division of ani- 

 mals includes all those which have 

 a spine or backbone consisting of 

 separate portions called vertebrae. 

 The animals of this division are 

 called vertebrated. They have all 

 of them red blood: their body is com- 

 posed of a head, tnmk, and members: 

 the spine, which is composed of ver- 

 tebrsp, having each an annular per- 

 foration, andmoveable on each other, 

 commences at its upper or anterior 

 extremity from the head; the lower 

 or posterior extremity usually ter- 

 minating in a tail. 



Their extremities never exceed 

 two pair in number : sometimes one 

 pair is wanting, sometimes both. 



The form of the extremities varies 

 according to the uses to which they 

 are to be applied; the anterior ex- 

 tremities being hands, or feet, or 

 wings, or fins; the posterior, feet or 

 fins. 



The division of vertebrated ani- 

 mals includes man, the mammalia 

 consisting of viviparous quadrupeds 

 and the cetacea, birds, reptiles of all 

 kinds, many of which, though ovi- 

 parous, are quadrupeds, and fish. 



Vertebrated animals, all of which 

 have red blood, attain to a much 

 larger size than those whose blood 

 is colourless. 



Vertebrated animals have always 

 two eyes, two ears, tw^o nostrils, the 

 integuments of the tongue and those 

 of the whole body. 



