Aristotle. 

 hand, but terminating in a badly 

 shaped heel. Hence they often use 

 their feet as hands. Their arms 

 resemble those of man, as also their 

 hands, and fingers, and nails; and 

 they bend their exti'emities in the 

 same direction as man does*. The 

 upper part of their body being 

 larger than the lower part, as is the 

 case with decided quadrupeds ; and 

 their feet partaking of the character 

 of hands ; their pelvis moreover be- 

 ing small ; they are from these joint 

 causes incapable of continuing long 

 in an erect position. 



Like man they have two mammae 

 on the chest; and their internal 

 anatomy resembles the human. 



Some of the apes (pithekoi) re- 

 semble man in many points, as to 

 their face: for they have nostrils 

 and ears ; and both their front and 

 back teeth not much unlike those of 



APPENDIX. 399 



Cuvier, torn. I. 

 long and as Hexible as the fingers ; 

 whence they are capable of climbing 

 well; but they do not easily walk, 

 or support themselves in an erect 

 position, because their pelvis is 

 narrow, and the plane of the under 

 surface of their feet is not horizontal. 



In the character of their intes- 

 tines, in the direction of their eyes, 

 and in the position of their breasts, 

 they resemble man; and the struc- 

 ture of their fore-arms and hands 

 enables them to imitate us in many 

 of their gestures and actions. 



The higher species of apes have 

 flat nails ; and teeth very much re- 

 sembling the human both in number 

 and arrangement, and also in form ; 

 and they have no tail. 



THE HEDGEHOG AND PORCUPINE. 



Porcupines and land-echini, or 

 hedgehogs, are covered with spines, 

 w^hich are properly to be considered 

 in these animals as a kind of rigid 

 and indurated hair ; for these spines 

 do not serve the purposes of feet, 

 as they do in sea-echini. 



THE MOLE 



Hedgehogs have their bodies co- 

 vered with quills instead of hair; 

 and so have porcupines. 



All viviparous animals have eyes, 

 except the mole; and even this 

 animal, although it has neither the 

 faculty of sight, nor eyes readily 

 visible, cannot be said to be alto- 

 gether without eyes ; for if its skin 

 be taken off, you may distinguish 

 not only the natural situation of the 

 eyes, but that black central part of 

 the eye itself in which the pupil is 

 contained; as if these organs had 

 been imperfectly developed, and the 

 skin had grown over them. If the 

 skin, which is thick, be stripped off 



The eye of the mole is so small, 

 and so concealed by the skin, that 

 for a long time this animal was 

 supposed to be without eyes. The 

 bL jd rat-mole has no visible trace of 

 external eyes ; but in taking off the 

 skin, a very small black point is 

 observable, which appears to have 

 the organization of an eye, without 

 the possibility of being employed as 

 such, because the skin passes over 

 it not only in an entire state, but 

 as thick and as closely covered with 

 hair as in any other part of the 



* The same is true of quadrupeds in general : in most of which, however, Aristotle 

 mistook the joint at the heel and wrist, for that of the knee and elbow. 



