CETACEA. 195 



both orders afford us the only instances of true horns — as Bos or Rhinoceros, and 

 Palamedea, L. To see a hundred instances of resemblance, it is only necessary to 

 walk into a museum. I shall, therefore, only further say, that both orders contain 

 polygamous animals, are generally gregarious, and more graminivorous than grani- 

 vorous, being essentially inhabitants of marshes and savannahs. Thus, then, with 

 Linnaeus, J place the Bruta, or rather the whole order of Ungulata to which they 

 belong, opposite to the Grallatores. 



' Four orders in each class being now disposed of, it follows by parallelism of ana- 

 logy, that the Glires ought to be placed opposite to the Rasores. But, setting this 

 theory aside, is this' position true in fact?* 



' Linnaeus, from the above-mentioned error in his series of affinity, considered tJie 

 Rasores to be analogous to his group of Pecora. But this group, according to Aris- 

 totle and Ray, is only a subdivision of Ungulata, which have, I consider, been now 

 proved to be analogous to the Grallatores, If, therefore, Linnaeus be right in mak- 

 ing his Bruta analogous to the order of Wading Birds, it follows that his Pecora 

 must be so also. 



' The analogy of the Rasores to the ruminating animals was first, I believe, men- 

 tioned by Linnaeus in the ' Systema Naturas.' It has since his days been copied 

 and copied, until now it almost becomes a sort of heresy to inquire into its accuracy. 

 I am not, however, aware that any reason for this analogy has ever been assigned, 

 beyond the fact, that one order aflbrds the principal part of those birds which are do- 

 mesticated by man for purposes of food ; and the other, the principal part of quadru- 

 peds which are destined to the same purpose. Now, granting even this domestica- 

 tion not to be the work of art, but to be an analogy really existing in nature, I would 

 observe, setting the whole family of Anatidae aside, that the Glires afford us many 

 eatable or domesticated animals, such as the Capromys and rabbit: and the Gralla- 

 tores afford us similar instances in the Snipe and Psophia. If some Rasores be said, 

 like the Pecora, to have ornamental appendages to the head, so it must be remem- 

 bered has the crowned cane; whereas no rasorial bird is truly horned, like the Pala- 

 medea. But it may be worth while to take into consideration successively the grand 

 characteristics of the Rasores, as given by ornithologists to distinguish them from all 

 other birds. 



' The Rasores are, properly speaking, frugivorous birds; by which I do not mean 

 eating fruits only, but all manner of seeds or grain. Now, this character of being 

 frugivorous applies much more to the Glires than the Ungulata, which are truly 

 herbivorous, and only feed on grain in an artificial or domesticated state. To begin, 

 then, with the rasorial or scratching powers of gallinaceous fowls; these are certainly 

 the most burrowing of frugivorous birds: now the most burrowing of frugivorous 

 quadi'upeds are certainly not the Ungulata, but the Glires. These birds are charac- 

 terized by the shortness of their wings and the weakness of their pectoral muscles. 

 Now, if we inquire whether it is among the Glires or Ungulata that we find the cor- 

 responding appendages of the vertebral axis, that is, the fore feet most shortened, 

 the answer will be, certainly not among the Ungulata! where, on the contrary, the 

 Girafle has them extraordinarily lengthened: but among the Glires we have the 

 Jerboa, in this respect almost a bird. In general, moreover, this latter order is distin- 

 guished, like the Rasores, by the strength of those muscles of the two posterior ap- 

 pendages of the vertebral axis or hind feet, tliat contribute to locomotion. Grega- 

 rious habits (Ustinguish the most of the Rasores; so they do in a still more extra- 

 ordinary maimer the Glires. Many are insectivorous in both orders, and some are 

 omnivorous. The muzzle or facies of Glires is short and round, very like that of 

 Ferae, there being a direct relation between these two orders. The facies of Rasores is 

 also short and round, very like that of Raptorcs (the order analogous to that of Ferae) : 

 and there is also a direct relation between these two orders. Many Rasores perch 

 and nestle on trees; so do many of the Glires. The Rasores generally feed on hard 

 grain, which they pick up with their hooked beak, and masticate in a triturating 

 gizzard: the Glires feed also on hard substances, which they gnaw with their strong 

 hooked incisors, and masticate with their grinders. In both orders the thumb is 



* ' The autient name of Struthio Camelus, as well as the form and habits ef the 

 ostrich, show indeed a relation of analogy to the camel ; but then we are to recollect, 

 in the first place, that the ostrich is at the osculant point, or confines of the orders of 

 Grallae and Rasores; and secondly, that such slight variations of the parellelism of 

 analogy often appear, although I think it possible that even these aie subject to rule.' 



