a well with a single run ; whilst though the cost does not increase proportion- 

 ately to the number of runs, the ordinary four-run wells only costing about 

 Rs. 350 to Rs. 400, the large eight-run wells cost from Rs. 500 upwards, more 

 often Rs. 800, and often Rs. 1,000. 



35. The method of construction is as follows : -A large hole is dug down 

 to the drip-stratum, approached by steps as in a " baoji." Here a wooden 

 frame nawdr of gular and jdman or dlidk strongly clamped together is fixed, 

 and on it the brick cylinder is built up level with the ground. Skilled men 

 (generally divers, gotd-klior} dig out (ubdo, ugdr) the earth with " jhatns," the 

 earth and water being pulled up by cattle. The cylinder is then built up until 

 it rests on the rnotd or firm earth, when the spring is tapped with a sang. 

 Some time is allowed to elapse for the cj'linder to settle, and the mouth is then, 

 built according as the well is for irrigation or merely drinking purposes. 



36. A masonry well is generally married with the same ceremonies as 

 are observed in the case of men aud women ; the owner and his wife taking 



* - c3 



the parts of bridegroom and bride, presents are given to Brahmans and a feast 

 to friends and relations. As much as Rs. 200 will be spent on this unnecessary 

 ceremony, and no man is so poor but that he will spend Rs. 15 or Rs. 2Q in pre-? 

 sents to Brahmans. Wells, however, meant for irrigation only are not usually 

 married. 



37. The uncemented and small brick wells are generally made by the 

 cultivators, and it is no uncommon custom where the subsoil is favourable to. 

 gradually brick up the well from the bottom ; at any rate as far up as will 

 prevent the earth falling in from the filtration of the water. The tile bricks, 

 cost about Rs. 5 per 1,000, and will, for the entire well according to depth, cost 

 Rs. 25 to Rs. 50 : the total cost of the well being from Rs. 60 to Rs. 100. This, 

 class of wells, however, forms but a small portion of those used for agriculture, 

 the unbricked (kucha) well being almost universal. 



In some parts of the district, e. g., Rasulabad and Ghatampur, hucha wells mil not stand - r 

 but water is sufficiently near to alloiy of the construction of a masonry well being remune- 

 rative. 



38. The kucha well is constructed thus : one man digs and a second fills. 

 a large basket with the earth, which is drawn up by bullocks driven by a third 

 man ; a fourth lands the basket, throws out the earth, and returns. On reaching 

 the stratum where water commences to filtrate, both men in the well dig and 

 fill, and a fifth man spreads the wet earth to dry. When the spjing is reached 

 a " sang" or spear of iron is thrust into the soil, and the water gushes up, and 

 fills up more or less of the lower stratum. This is often firm, when the well is 

 said to be in " mota," but is generally protected by wattle-binding (" biyhe") 

 of arhar stalks which require renewing every year, (The higher up this binding 



