( 18 ) 



the droppings of one yoke of oxen, to which is added all the refuse available : as 

 many cultivators keep a cow or a buffalo or two for milk, enough manure for 

 one acre in the year will be ordinarily collected. The average holding is six 

 acres, more in the lighter soils of Sikandra and Bhognipur, less in the stiffer 

 soils of Rasulabad, hence the land will be on the average manured every sixth 

 year. 



61. One hundred maunds, or from 10 to 12 small cartloads, is all the 

 manure 'usually available for even his sugarcane (cane is, however, largely 

 grown on a co-operative system, when more manure is available, as much as 800 

 maunds being applied per acre). 



62. More cattle are kept by the Ahir and Gareriya classes where there 

 is large pasturage, as in usar plains, large jbils (which are dry in the hot 

 weather) and ravines ; hence it is found that in such cases higher rents can 

 be, and are paid : at the same time much manure is lost in the ravines. 



63. Near encamping grounds manure is purchased at Re. 1 the cart- 

 load of fuel-cakes (of which one small bullock cart will carry 1,300). The 

 cakes, however, are not such good manure as ordinary farmyard manure, in 

 the proportion, it is said, of 2 : 3. Thus at Chaubepur advantage is taken of 

 the large supply of manure available to grow potatoes. 1 



64. In the neighbourhood of Cawnpore, however, so great is the 

 demand for fuel (especially dung-cakes which sweetmeat-makers use exclu- 

 sively) that the cultivators rob their fields to earn a few pice daily : and on 

 the roads leading to the city, every morning may be seen troops of women 

 carrying baskets of fuel for sale. 



65. Near large villages the refuse and nightsoil from houses of the 

 better classes is available and sold by the sweepers who collect it, and wher- 

 ever there is a large non- agricultural population the house sweepings or the 

 dung of a pony or a goat or two is purchasable at 2 to 4 annas a cartload, 

 or, as in the case of Gareriyas (goatherds), exchanged for grain. 



66. In only one village Piiranpur (says Mr. Buck) did he find the 

 custom prevail of putting litter under cattle to become saturated with their 

 droppings, and in this instance only during the cold weather up till February, 

 after which the stall had to be kept clean to prevent vermin and heat. 



67. I do not know that we can do anything to improve or add to the 

 manure supply at the command of the cultivator. As cultivation increases 

 grazing lands become more and more distant; sometimes also the canal, some- 

 times the railway, cuts off valuable grazing. Planting babi'd and dhdk trees 



1 " Kandhe" are large semicircular fuel-cakes, about 50 or 60 to the maund, and sell 

 in the bazar at from 8 to 12 maunds the rupee. " Uple" are small round cakes, about 150 to 

 the maund, and sell at the same price. 



