( 21 ; 



The ground is ploughed from two to four times, but 

 Ploughing. rardy more than twic ^ 



The seeds of all the crops (except lobia) are mixed and sown broadcast, 



ploughed in, and the " patela" or clodcrusher run over : the 



lobia is planted by hand on ridges (kunr), about 10 rows to 



an acre. If rain falls immediately after sowing, the seed will not germinate, 



and a fresh sowing is necessary. Seed is generally selected, i.e., fine heads are 



set aside for this purpose. 



Jwdr is weeded once, or at the outside twice, but when about 3 feet high 

 Intermediate ope- is ploughed or dug up by the " kudar" (this operation 

 iug l< and harvest. called " gur/ii" from " gorna"), to break up the caked earth 



and allow moisture to filter down. It must be watched for 25 days before 

 cutting, morning and evening, to keep off the birds, and at night for protection 

 against thieves and wild animals : a man is generally hired to watch at night 

 at Rs. 2 or Rs. 2-8-0 a month, in the day the cultivator or his sons manage 

 it. 



Jwdr is cut in the end of Kdtik or beginning of Aghan (middle of Novem- 

 ber). First the urd and mting are collected, then the til and 

 lobia; lastly the jwdr is cut with the sickle, generally only 

 the heads (bhuttd) at first, leaving the green stalks in the field to be cut as 

 wanted, cattle preferring them soft. The reapers get one bundle in 20. The 

 arhar stands till Chet, and is cut with the rabi. 



Threshing. Each crop is threshed out in the usual way separately. 



Winnowing. Each crop is winnowed in the usual way. 



The average outturn is about seven maunds per acre, with 6 maunds 



arhar, 1 maund .8 seers urd or muna, 24 seers til, and 20 seers 



lobia, but the following is the result of a cutting in Mandoli, 



soil rich loam, manured the previous year with 220 maunds, ploughed three times 



and weeded twice: 



Area cut. Produce in Government maunds, Rs. 80 to seer. 



Rs. a. p. 



1 bigha 11 biswas (about Grain 12 maun is 15 seers. Valne 28 O 



f ths of an acre). 



Twice weeding, cost Rs. 2-8-0. Set aside for seed 25 (15 seers of unthreshed 



heads). 



Rs. a. p. 



Rent of field, Ra. 4 Drd ... 20 Value 100 



,, chaff 1 maund 5 ., 5 O 



Fodder 18S bundles with an average of 480 

 179 stalks to a bundle. 



Total cost Ra. 6-8-0 Total value of crop 38 13 



Profit on crop Ra. 27-5-0 (but this was an exceptional case). 



