from the Standpoint of Science 51 



struggle of man against man. No tribe of 

 men can work together unless the tribal 

 interest dominates the personal and indi- 

 vidual interest at all points where they come 

 into conflict. The struggle among primitive 

 men of tribe against tribe evolved the social 

 instinct. The tribe with the greater social 

 feeling survived ; we have to thank the 

 struggle for existence for first making man 

 gregarious, and then intensifying, stage by 

 stage, the social feeling. Such is the scien- 

 tific account of the origin of our social in- 



% stincts ; and if you come to analyze it, such is 

 the origin of what we term morality ; morality 



is only the developed form of the tribal habit, r 



r 



the custom of acting in a certain way towards j 

 our fellows, upon which the very safety of the , 

 tribe originally depended. Philosophies may 

 be invented, the supersensuous appealed to, 

 in order to increase the sanctions on social 

 or moral conduct ; but the natural history of 

 morality begins with the kin-group, spreads to 

 the tribe, to the nation, to allied races, and 

 ultimately to inferior races and lower types of 

 life, but ever with decreasing intensity. The 

 demands upon the spirit of self-sacrifice which 



42 



