from the Standpoint of Science 55 



gregarious nature of man. The older evolu- 

 tionists overlooked several of the factors of 

 the struggle for existence. They empha- 

 sized, in a way which now appears almost 

 absurd, the struggle of individual with in- 

 dividual. They do not appear to have 

 recognised that many of the characters 

 which give man his foremost place in the 

 animal kingdom were evoked in the struggle 

 of tribe against tribe, of race against race, 

 and even of man as a whole against other 

 forms of life and against his physical en- 

 vironment. Like the other political econo- 

 mists, they thought all real progress depended 

 upon an all-round fight within the community. 

 They forgot that the herd exists owing to 

 its social instincts, and that human sympathy 

 and racial and national feelings are strong 

 natural forces controlling individual conduct 

 and economic theories based purely on 

 questions of supply and demand. It is the 

 herd, the tribe, or the nation which forms the 

 fundamental unit in the evolution of man, 

 and it is to the leaders of the herd, or nation, 

 that we ought to look for conscious recogni- 

 tion of this fact. 



