BIRDS OF NEW YORK 31 



the plants and animals that inhabit it, which approaches the conditions 

 found in the North Woods. This is illustrated by the admixture of 

 Canadian flora on the cooler side of the glen, such as the mountain maple 

 and moosewood, and by a number of Canadian birds which are found in 

 nearly every one of the larger and deeper glens. The conditions may 

 best be understood by enumerating the birds of a typical ravine like 

 the Seneca glen on Canandaigua lake. Here are found on the forest slopes 

 such breeding species as the Junco, Hermit thrush, and the Magnolia, 

 Parula, Blackburnian, Black-throated green, and Black-throated blue warb- 

 lers ; in tangles near the bottom of the glen or about its source, the Cana- 

 dian and Mourning warblers are found in small numbers. In the woodland 

 or thicket just above the edge of the glen the Black and white warbler and 

 Redstart are fairly common, and in the thickets near the edge the Chestnut- 

 sided warbler, and, in some seasons, the Yellow-breasted chat. In the pine 

 grove within hearing of the glen itself, three or four pairs of Pine warblers 

 nest. Near the stream at the bottom of the glen, three or four pairs of 

 Louisiana water thrushes are found; on the shaly ledges near the falls, 

 Phoebes are nesting; near the mouth of the glen, a Wood pewee; in the 

 woods on either side are found the Wood thrush, Scarlet tanager, Crested 

 flycatcher, Ruffed grouse, and near the head of the glen one pair of Great 

 horned owls, and one pair each of Red-tailed and Sharp-shinned hawks. 

 In the thickets near the northern edge of the glen, catbirds, Brown thrash- 

 ers, chewinks, Indigo birds and Field sparrows are fairly common, and 

 rarely the Yellow-breasted chat, while near at hand in the dry field 

 are found the Grasshopper sparrow and Prairie horned lark; not far from 

 these, in damper situations, the Savannah sparrow and Bobolink. At the 

 mouth of the glen by the lake shore, the Rough-winged swallow may be 

 seen flying back and forth to his nest in the shaly bank nearby. In 

 addition to the species mentioned, all the common birds of the Alleghanian 

 fauna may be found in suitable sites within the woods surrounding the 

 glen or in near-by fields. Similar conditions to these prevail in many glens 

 which the author has visited, both on Canandaigua, Keuka, Seneca and 



