POLYNESIAN GRAMMAR. 263 



whole word, or a part of it, to express either plurality, or a repetition 

 of the action. 



In Samoan, the reduplication, entire or partial, of the verb is common for both these 

 purposes ; as from fefe, to fear, we have, in the plural, ita fefefe i latou, they were 

 afraid ; from moe, to sleep, momoe, to sleep together. Tufa, to divide, has for its fre- 

 quentative tufatufa, to share out ; tola, to speak, has lalatala, to talk. 



In Tongan, from -nofo, to dwell, ke mau nonofo, let us dwell together ; tete, to tremble, 

 freq., tetetete, to tremble much. 



In New Zealand, it is doubtful whether the reduplication is ever used for the purpose 

 of expressing plurality, or the doing any thing in company ; but it often occurs with a 

 frequentative or intensitive force ; kai, to eat, makes kakai, to eat much, or often ; inu, 

 to drink, has iinu; haere, to go, makes haeregre, to walk, go about. 



In Rarotongan, the duplication seems to express either a duality (when two do a thing 

 together) or the repetition of an action ; from toe, to come, arrive, e tatae atu ra raua, 

 and they two arrived ; eke, to descend, ecke, to descend together ; kati, to bite, katikati, 

 to bite often, or much, to champ. 



In Tahitian, the same observation applies as in the Rarotongan ; taoto, to sleep, 

 taooto, to sleep together (two persons) ; horo, to run, hohoro, to run together ; pou, to 

 descend, popou, to descend together. Amaha, to split, amahamaha, to split repeatedly ; 

 huti, to pull or pluck, hutihuti, to pluck repeatedly, as the feathers of a fowl ; hoe, to 

 paddle, hofux, to paddle repeatedly ; parau, to speak, pararau, to speak together (two 

 persons), paraparau, to talk, converse. 



In Hawaiian, this form occurs only in the sense of a frequentative or intensitive. Lele, 

 to jump, to fly, to depart, makes lelele, to jump frequently, and lelelele, to forsake re- 

 peatedly (as a man his wife) ; luli, to vibrate, rock, luliluli, to shake or tremble, as the 

 hands or head ; lawe, to take, lawelawe, to handle ; huli, to turn over or about, huhuli, 

 to search. Mr. Andrews gives as derivatives from the root lawe, the forms, lalawe, 

 lawewe, lawdawe, and lalalau-e; few verbs, however, have more than two of these, and 

 the meaning of each form is not constant, but varies in different words. 



In Nukuhivan, the reduplication has the same force as in Hawaiian, as pehi, to strike, 

 pepehi and pehipehi, to strike hard and often. 



& 47. The most striking peculiarity of the Polynesian dialects, as 

 respects the verb, is the fact that the distinctions of time, which in 

 other languages are considered of so much importance, are in these 

 but little regarded, while the chief attention is paid to the accidents 

 of place By far the greater number of the particles which accom- 

 pany the verb are devoted to the latter purpose. 



48. The numerous verbal particles may be classified as follows : 

 (1) particles of affirmation, (2) of tense, (3) of mood, (4) of form, 

 (5) of voice, (6) directives, (7) locatives, and (8) relative. 



$ 49. As almost every verb in these dialects may be, also, with no 

 change of form, a noun or an adjective, some mode of distinguishing 

 between the different acceptations becomes necessary. The term 



