270 



PHILOLOGY. 



another. Fa, or, as the missionaries write it, faa, is the potential prefix, as nae ikai 

 te nau fd-nqfo, they could not dwell ; kabuu efaalau e ha tayata, if a man can number, 

 (or, if it can be numbered by a man.) This form exists only in the Tongan. 



In New Zealand, the causative prefix is u-aka, as wakavia, to save ; wakakiti, to 

 cause to know. Hia is used in a few cases, as a desiderative sign, as hia-inu, to wish 

 to drink, to be thirsty ; hia-kai, to wish to eat, to be hungry ; but it is not a general 

 prefix. Hiahia signifies to desire, but it is used as an independent verb. The reci- 

 procal form does not exist in this, or in any of the Eastern dialects, which have only the 

 causative. 



In Rarotongan and Mangarevan, the causative sign is oka, in Paumotuan faka or 

 haka, in Tahitian fcfa or Ma, in Hawaiian sometimes ha'a, but more commonly hd'o, 

 and in Nukuhivan it assumes the four forms of faka, haka,fa'a, and ha'a. 



In most, if not all, of these dialects, to is also employed as a causative prefix : it is 

 probably the same with the verb ta, to strike ; as akaaka, Rar., low, taakaaka, to abase 

 (to strike down) ; ii, entangled, taii, to entangle. In Tahitian, tamd, to cleanse, from 

 ma, clean (to distinguish it perhaps from haamd, ashamed). In Hawaiian, tahinu, to 

 anoint, from hinu, ointment ; tahihi, to entangle, from hihi, entangled (perhaps to dis- 

 tinguish it from hoohihi, to covet another's property). In Nukuhivan, tahui, to upset, 

 from hui, to turn over ; tapii, to stick on, from pii, to adhere. 



PARTICLES OF VOICE. 



55. The Polynesian dialects make a very frequent use of the 

 passive form of the verb. In many cases it is employed where the 

 English would have the active; and there are, in all the dialects, 

 verbs which, though active in form, are only used in a passive 

 acceptation. 



The last-mentioned class of verbs differ, however, from the regular passives, in taking 

 after them the ablative with i, instead of that with e, [v. 23, 24], as rauka i te tayata, 

 Rar., obtained by the man ; pau i te ahi, Haw., destroyed by fire. 



56. The passive particles are numerous in the different dialects, 

 but nearly all terminate in a. They are all suffixes. 



In Samoan, these particles are a, ia, fia, yia, tia, and ina, as ufiufi, to cover, 

 ujiufia, covered ; taofi, to hinder, pass, taofi-ia; sila, to see (ceremonial) silafia; ita, 

 to hate, itayta; si'i, to lift up, sfitia; ave, to give, ave-tna. Of these particles the first 

 two and the last are by far the most common. The passive particle may be separated 

 from the verb by an adverb, but, in this case, the particle thus separated always is, or 

 becomes ina, as e faaola atoa ina a outou ayasala, your sins will also be forgiven, 

 where the adverb atoa, " also," comes between the verb and the particle. 



In the Tongan, we are left in doubt by an evident mistake on the part of the mission- 

 aries, who have regarded the ablative particle e, meaning by, as an article of the nomi- 

 native [v. 11], and have thus, in many cases, transformed a passive into an active 

 verb. In numerous instances, in the versions of the Scriptures, the verb is followed by a 

 particle i, which appears to have perplexed the translators, as they have printed it not 



