272 



PHILOLOGY. 



many in ayi, ayo, iyi, ako, eke, have hia; those which terminate in ia, and in a and 6 

 accented have generally kia; many in anu, inu, aru, and aro, have mia; most that 

 end in ai have igia; ria is only found with verbs ending in and o; tia is the most 

 common of all, and is joined with any termination ; many verbs ending in aki, iki, and 

 ako, take na; those in -gai generally ija; the few cases in which we have found ina and 

 kina have been with verbs ending in a. In some words the usage seems to vary ; we 

 find both wakahe-kia [Matt. xiii. 57] and wakahe-Tjia [Matt. xi. 6] for " offended ;" so 

 also, wakaputa-ia and wakaputa-ina, " made to appear." Words sounded alike with 

 different acceptations, will have different affixes, as kata-ina, laughed at ; katakata-yia 

 scorched. 



In Rarolongan, the passive particles are a, ia, km, and mia, as vete-a, loosened, 

 aroa-ia, loved, opu-kia, seized, tanu-mia, buried. The last two are, however, rare. 

 Sometimes a na is inserted between the verb and the particle ia, which may be the 

 remains of an old passive form, as oko, to buy, pass, oko-ia or okona-ia (in New Zea- 

 land, hoko, to buy, makes in the passive kokona); tutaki-ia or tutakina-ia, rewarded (in 

 N. Z. tutaki makes tutakina) ; so kai, to eat, pass, kaiyaia (N. Z. kai makes kaiya). 

 The passive particle may be separated from the verb by an adverb, as vaia-marie-ia, 

 laid up carefully. 



In Mangarevan, the usual passive particle is ia,, as akavaraka-ia, revealed, made 

 known, causative passive from varaka, to know. 



In Tahitian, the only suffix of the passive is hia; it may be separated from the verb 

 by an adverb, as hopoi-e-hia, taken away ; hamani-ino-hia, treated ill. 



In Hawaiian, the suffixes are a, ia, hia, and lia, as lohe-a, heard, lawe-ia, taken, 

 auhuli-hia, driven away, tau-lia, hung up. The last two particles, however, are em- 

 ployed in but very few instances. Taulia is probably used to distinguish the word lau, 

 in the meaning of to hang, from tau, meaning to put, or set down, pass, tau-ia. We 

 have, perhaps, another passive suffix in pili-tia, crowded close, from pili, to join or 

 adhere to. 



The Nukuhivan has for suffixes of the passive a, ia, hia, and tia; as hanau, to bring 

 forth, hanau-a, born ; kaoha, to salute, kaoha-ia, saluted ; uru, to inspire, uru-hia, 

 inspired ; haatapu, to sanctify, haatapu-tia, sanctified. 



It is remarkable that some of the active verbs of the Eastern dialects seem to be derived 

 from the passive forms of New Zealand, as : 



puri, N. Z., to take, pass, puritia puliti, Haw., to take up 



akiri, " to throw, " akiritia kiriti, Mang., to throw 



kini, " to pinch, " kinitia 'initi, Haw., to pinch 



turaki, " to overthrow, " turakina tulaina, Haw., to overthrow 



horo, " to swallow, haromia hordmi, Tah., to swallow 



This would seem to indicate that these passive forms once existed in the latter dialects, 

 though they are now obsolete as such. 



\ 57. The verbal nouns being closely connected in this language 

 with the passive forms, it will be most convenient to treat of them in 

 this place. They are formed by joining to the verb certain suffixes 

 which usually terminate in ya. 



