274 PHILOLOGY. 



plex system resembling the New Zealand formerly existed ; tupu, to grow, makes 

 tupu-aya, growth, and tupulaya, generation (in N. Z. waka tupuraya) ; tu-ya is a 

 standing, and tu-laya, a stand, foundation. 



In Tongan, ya and aya are the regular suffixes, and seem to be used indifferently, 

 as have, to carry, kaveya, a burthen ; bule, to govern, bule-aya, a kingdom, fakailo, to 

 show, fakailoya, a sign, indication ; tanu, to bury, tanu-aya, a sepulchre. But tanu 

 signifies also to plant, and we have for the sixth lunar month, tanumaya, the planting 

 month (Mariner), evidently from the obsolete passive tanumia. Tu signifies both to 

 stand and to cut; in the former sense it has for its noun tuaya or tuya, any thing 

 standing ; in the latter, it makes in the passive tulia, and its noun is tutaya, a piece or 

 slice of any thing. 



In all the Eastern dialects there are two particles distinct in their use and purport. In 

 Rarotongan, these are ya and aya, the latter of which is used to express the action 

 signified by the verb, while the former has reference rather to the result of the action ; 

 the one may be termed the noun of the active voice, and the other that of the passive. 

 Thus wanau-aya is birth, and wanauya offspring ; ope-aya, an ending, opeya, end ; 

 putu-aya, a collecting, putuya, a crowd ; rave-aya, a doing, raveya, a deed. Some of 

 the passives which terminate in kia and mia have their nouns formed from them, as 

 obu, to seize, pass, obukia, whence obukiya, seizure ; tanu, to bury, pass, tanumia, 

 tanumaya, burial, sepulchre. Ta, to kill, has irregularly taiya, slaughter. The active 

 suffix, aya, may be separated from the verb by an adverb, as kite-akaou-aya, a seeing 

 again, or a re-discovery ; this particle may also receive the passive suffix ia, thus giving 

 it a signification like that expressed by the English being with the past participle, thus, 

 te kite-aya signifies the knowing, te kite-aya-ia, the being known ; te rave-kino-aya is 

 the ill-treating, or ill-treatment which one inflicts ; te rave-kino-aya-ia is the being ill- 

 treated, or ill-treatment which one endures. 



In Mangarevan, the two suffixes are ya and raya; as mateya, death, mate-raya, the 

 act of dying ; moeya, bed, moe-raya, the act of sleeping. 



In Tahitian, the suffixes are a (for ya) and raa (for raya} ; as fanaua, offspring, 

 fanau-raa, birth ; hopea, end, hope-raa, completion, ending ; tuhaa, portion, tuha-raa, 

 apportionment. Instead of raa, haa (for haya) is sometimes found, as taihaa (tayi- 

 haya, N. Z.). lamentation, otohaa, crying. The passive particle may be affixed, as in 

 Rarotongan ; as te vahavaha-raa-hia, the being abused ; te aratai-raa-hiu, the being led. 



In Hawaiian, the particles are na (for ya) and ana (for aya) ; as toena, remainder, 

 toe-ana, a remaining ; utana, burthen, uta-ana, a conveying. The former, however, is 

 used only in certain words, while the latter is universal ; it may be separated from the 

 verb by an adverb, as ta outou Jiana-maitai-ana, your well-doing, or your good deeds. 

 Ana is used also like the present participle in English, to form a kind of present tense, 

 as elawe ana au, I am taking; it follows the sign of the passive, as lawe-ia-ana, being 

 taken. Some words seem to show that other forms once existed, as tomohana, the 

 west, from tomo, to enter, to sink into (i. e. the going down of the sun occidens) ; 

 tulana, a place where many things stand, as a village, garden, &c. (from tu, to stand). 



At the Marquesas, the regular suffix ya becomes, in the southern islands, na, and in 

 the northern ka; asfiti or hiti, to go inland, fitina and hitika, an inland journey ; moe, 

 to sleep, moena and moeka, a bed. The latter suffix, ka, frequently takes a vowel- 

 sound, i or e, before it, for euphony, as tau, to arrive, tauika, an arrival. M. Garcia 



