POLYNESIAN GRAMMAR. 275 



gives also tia and tina, as formatives, but no examples of their use. He mentions also 

 the particle ana, as being used to distinguish the present tense, but it is uncertain 

 whether we are to consider it a nominal suffix (from ago), or a locative particle. 



DIRECTIVE PARTICLES. 



58. The verbal directives are words which are postfixed to 

 verbs, to signify the direction in which the action is supposed to 

 proceed, either with respect to its place of origin, or to the place of 

 the speaker. 



These particles are most accurately distinguished in the Tongan. They are five in 

 number, mat, atu, aye, liake, and hifo. Mai signifies motion or action towards the 

 speaker, atu, motion towards the person addressed, aye, towards a third person, 

 luike , upwards, and hifo, downwards ; tola mai kiate au, tell me ; teu tola atu kiate koe, 

 I will tell you ; tala aye kiate ia, tell him ; alu /take, go up ; alu hifo, come down. 



The Samoan has also five particles, but employs them somewhat differently from the 

 Tongan. Mai indicates motion or action towards the speaker, atu, from the speaker, 

 ane, motion aside, a'e and ifo, upwards and downwards ; examples of ane are, alu 

 anc e tau ane i ai, go and tell him ; ia papai ane i latou le tafatafa o lona ofu, that 

 they might touch the border of his garment. 



In New Zealand, there are but four particles, mai, atu, ake, and ifo, ane not being 

 found. These four are used as in the Samoan. 



In Rarotongan, the directives are mai, atu, ake, and io. Ake, besides its meaning of 

 upwards, seems also to take the place of ane in Samoan ; at least, it is used in many 

 cases where the former meaning will not apply ; as riri ake ra tonapu iaia, his master 

 was angry with him ; kite ake ra aia i te reira, he knew that. The directives are 

 used with great frequency in this and the following dialects, and in many cases, to ap- 

 pearance, arbitrarily, where no motion or direction of the act can well be understood. 



In Mangarevan, the particles are the same as in Rarolongan ; ake, besides its ordi- 

 nary meaning, is used to signify that an act is now in progress towards completion, as 

 e moro ake ana, it is drying ; e rai ake ana, it is becoming large. They also say, 

 noea koe ake nei, whence come you ? 



In Tahitian, Hawaiian, and Nukuhivan, the directives are mai, atu, ae, and iho; ae 

 signifies direction either upwards or aside, according to the context. 



LOCATIVE PARTICLES. 



59. While the last-mentioned particles show the direction in 

 which the action is supposed to move, there is another class which 

 indicate the locality or vicinity in which it is considered to take 

 place, whether near the speaker, or at a distance. Their use, how- 

 ever, is not always clearly defined, and it is generally impossible to 

 render them into English. Some of the dialects employ them much 

 more frequently than others. 



