276 



PHILOLOGY. 



In Samoan, nei (here), na (there), are in common use, as aufai atu nei iate outou, 

 I say unto you ; faauta i ou soo na, behold thy disciples ; le demoni i o outou atalii e 

 tuli na, the devils whom your children cast out. Na, it would seem, generally denotes 

 a point near the person spoken to. La is sometimes used after an imperative, as in 

 New Zealand ; Mr. Heath, however, considers it a contraction of the emphatic adverb 

 lava, as tau mua la ia, just go straight forward ! 



In the Tongan, I find no particles employed precisely in this manner. It differs in 

 this respect, as in many others, from its sister dialects. 



In New Zealand, nei (here) and ana (there) are the particles most frequently used, 

 as e mea atu nei ahau kia koutou, I say unto you ; aru ana raua ia ia, they followed 

 him. Ra is used after the imperative, and in some instances after other moods, when a 

 supposition is intended ; it may also have some reference to place at a little distance 

 from the speaker ; aru mai ra ia hau, follow me ! kia rite katoa na ano, till all be 

 fulfilled ; kua royo ra koutou, ye have heard. 



In Rarotongan, the locative particles are nei, ra, na, and ana. Nei and ra are both 

 in frequent use, the former signifying here, and the latter there; and as an action which 

 is present in place is usually so in time, and as one which is distant is more likely to 

 be past, these two have come to be also connected with tense, the former being used 

 with the present, and the latter generally, though not always, with the past [v. 52]. 

 Na (yonder) as signifying a greater distance in space than ra, signifies also a greater 

 distance in time ; te tuatua nei au, I say (here) ; te tuatua ra au, I was saying (there) ; 

 i tuatua na au, I said (yonder). This distinction, however, is not always maintained 

 with strictness. Ra is used frequently as an emphatic word, without reference to place 

 or time, and may be translated but, indeed, only ; te tuatua atu nei ra au kia koutou, 

 but I say unto you. Ana is sometimes used, though it is difficult to say with what pre- 

 cise meaning ; kua riro mai ana a Elia, Elias has come ; ka momono ana i taau koke, 

 put up thy sword. 



In Mangarevan, nei, ara, na, and ana are the locative particles. Nei, ara, and na, 

 seem to be used much as nei, ra, and na, in Rarotongan. Ara, according to the voca- 

 bulary, indicates distance both of place and time. Ana is given with several meanings : 

 (1) as a particle of present time, as e pure ana koe, thou prayest; (2) as meaning 

 perhaps ; naku ana ra, na te tayata ke ana ra, it is perhaps mine, perhaps the other 

 man's ; and (3) as used in answering a question, as e atipa tai te Ruapeka, is Ruapeka 

 a reef (breaker of the sea) 1 e koutou ana ia, [no ;] it is a point of land. 



The Tahitian uses nei, ra, and na, precisely as the Rarotongan. 



In Hawaiian, nei indicates present place and time ; la, a distance in place, and some- 

 times, though not always, in time. 



In Nukuhivan, nei and na are used as nei and la in Hawaiian. 



It will be seen that the use of nei remains nearly or quite the same in all, while na, 

 la (ra), ana, and ara are somewhat variously used in the different dialects, though, in 

 general, they may all be considered correlatives of nei. 



RELATIVE PARTICLE. 



& 60. This name has been given to a particle which in many 

 cases supplies the place of the relative pronouns in English, though 



