27 g PHILOLOGY. 



62. In Samoan and Tongan the causative particle faka or fa' a is 

 frequently used to form adverbs. 



Samoan, -fa'agatasi, with one accord ; fa'a-vavau, without end (vavau is far back, 

 ancient). 



Tongan, -fakakeviki, backwards (keviki, a crab) ; fakatoa, bravely (toa, brave, a 

 warrior). 



This usage is less common in the other dialects, but is not entirely unknown. 



When prefixed to names of countries, this particle, in these two dialects, means after 

 the fashion of, as, fa'a-Toria, faka-Fiti, Tonga-fashion, Feejee-fashion, (a la mode de 

 Tonga.) 



In Mangarevan, a is used in the same way ; as, rere a Mayareva, to jump as in Manga- 

 reva ; also with common nouns, as, tere a pahi, to move like a ship. 



$ 63. The negatives vary much in the different dialects, and have 

 several peculiarities deserving of attention. 



In Fakaafo, se (or he) was used for not, as, e se ki matou iloa, we do not know ; e se 

 ai ni niu, not any cocoa-nuts. Ai-ala, tai-ala, kai-ala, were all used for no ; the cda 

 is probably an expletive. 



In Samoan, le is the negative particle used both with verbs and adjectives, as, 'tou te 

 le sao, ye shall not enter ; le sala, not guilty, guiltless ; with ai, it becomes le ai, not, 

 none, e le ai se tayata, there is not a single man. E le ai is the common expression 

 for no, in answer to a question. 



In Tongan, ikai is the general word for no and not ; tai is used before nouns in the 

 sense of the English suffix less, as, tai-abi, houseless, tai-hala, sinless. Teeki means, 

 not yet. 



In New Zealand, the words for not are kore, hore, kihai, and te. Kore is commonly 

 used in the present and future, preceded by e ; hore has generally ka before it, and is used 

 for the ordinary negative, no ! or, it is not ! Kihai is only used with the preterite. Te 

 is used with any tense, and is prefixed to adjectives, participles, &c., as, te-mamae, not 

 hurt ; te-ahei, not able. Kore is also used in the sense of the English less, or without, 

 as, hara-kore, sinless, rawa-kore, without property, poor. Etiara signifies, it is not ; 

 kiano, not yet. 



In Rarotongan, the negatives are kare and kore ; the former is usually found in the 

 past and present, followed by the preterite particle i; the latter in the present and future. 

 Kore is also postfixed to verbs in the sense of the English un-, and to nouns in the sense 

 of less, as, orei-kore-ia, unwashed, from orei, to wash ; ara-kore, sinless. 



In Mangarevan, kore is the usual negative, and is added to nouns as in New Zealand 

 and Rarotongan, as, pare-kore, without a hat. Te is used as in New Zealand, as, 

 te-niano, not powerful, te-motu, not broken. 



The Tahitian has many negatives, and distinguishes them into classes according to the 

 time or tense with which they are connected ; aore, aima, aina, aipa, aita, are used only 

 with the past ; e ere, e ore, e etc, are used with the present : and e ore, eima, eina, eita, 

 with the future. The difference between these various negatives is not very clear, except 

 that aipa seems to include an idea of doubt or contingency, as, " perhaps not." Ore 



