494 



PHILOLOGY. 



KAMILARAI. 



1. Suppositive: bumpa ba, if I had 

 struck. 



WIRADUREI. 



TENSES. 



There are eight tenses, though in some 

 of the forms, only a part of them are in use : 



1. Present: buntdn, I strike. 



2. Remote past : buntdla, I struck for- 



merly. 



3. Recent past : bunkvla, I struck lately. 



4. Recent pluperfect : bunkvla -ta, I had 



lately struck. 



5. Hodiernal past : bunkeun, I struck this 



morning (or to-day). 



6. Future aorist : bunun, I shall strike. 



7. Crastinal future : bunkin, I shall strike 

 to-morrow (morning). 



8. Inceptive future : bunkili -koldy, I am 



going to strike. 



Of these tenses the continuative form has 

 but two, viz. : the present and past aorist ; 

 the usitative and reciprocal have only the 

 past, and the optative has only one tense, 

 with a general signification, buwil, that I 

 might strike. The participial and recipro- 

 cal forms have all the tenses. 



There is no special form for the passive. 

 It is denoted by subjoining to the verb a 

 noun or pronoun in the accusative case, 

 without a nominative expressed : thus, bun- 

 tan bar/ signifies, I strike, and buntdn tia, 

 1 am struck (lit. strike me). 



There are various forms of the negative, 



TENSES. 



1. Present: bumara, I strike. 



2. Instant present: bumaldwana, I am 

 just now striking. 



3. Past aorist : bume, I struck. 



4. Instant past : biimaldwani, I was just 

 now striking. 



5. Preterite : btlmalguain, I have struck. 



6. Instant preterite : bumaldu-an, I have 

 just struck. 



7. Remote past : bumalgunan, I struck 



long ago. 



8. Hodiernal past : bumalydrin, I struck 

 this morning. 



9. Hesternal past: bumalgurdni, I struck 



yesterday. 



10. Pluperfect : bumaleini, I had struck. 



11. Proximate future: bumdlgiri, I shall 

 soon strike. 



12. Instant future: bumaldwagiri, I shall 



immediately strike. 



13. Remote future: bumalydrigiri, I shall 



hereafter strike. 



14. Crastinal future: bumalr/aridwagiri, I 

 shall strike to-morrow. 



15. Future preterite: bumegiri, I shall 

 have struck. 



Each mode or form may be varied 

 through all these tenses. 



Some verbs (as those which terminate in 

 ana and inya) have still another tense, 

 answering to the recent past in Kamilarai ; 

 as, -gana, I see ; preterite, ydguain, I have 

 seen ; recent past, gain, I saw lately. 



Mr. Watson says nothing of the passive 

 in his grammar, but some forms are given 

 in the translated sentences which seem to 

 indicate its existence. Human (or bumain) 

 bala nal, I am struck (where nal is in 

 the accusative). Nal bumani dyin, I am 

 struck by him, (where nal is in the accusa- 



