552 



PHILOLOGY. 



(3.) Recent Past, representing an action which took place within a recent period, it 

 may be, in the early part of the same day, or within a few days ; as, haksaka, have seen. 



(4.) Remote Past, denoting that the action took place at a more remote period, usually 

 a long time ago ; as, haksarta, I saw. 



(5.) Aorist, or Past Indefinite, representing an action as past, without reference to the 

 precise time ; it may be recent or remote ; as, hahna. 



(6.) Present Future, representing an action which is about to take place ; as, hakta- 

 tasha, about to see. 



(7.) Future, representing an action which will take place at any future time ; as, 

 hahna, will see. 



(8.) Recent Past Future an action which was about to take place at a recent period ; 

 as, haktatasliaka, have been about to be seen. 



(9.) Remote Past Future, an action which was about to take place at a remote 

 period ; as, haktatashana, was about to see. 



55. Each verb has usually two verbal adjectives or participles. Though their proper- 

 ties are somewhat different from those of participles in other languages. One is affirm- 

 ative, and the other negative ; as, hahnin, the affirmative participle of hakisa, and Jiahnai, 

 the negative. 



56. There are also three verbal nouns from each verb, having different significations ; 

 as, ftakin, having a signification similar to the Latin gerund ; hakinash, which has 

 reference to the object or purpose to which a thing is applied. The names given to tools 

 or instruments previously unknown to the people are in this form. The other noun 

 signifies the doer of an action ; as, haniawat, maker, from fuinisha, to make. 



57. There is, also, in some cases, an adverbial form, used in connexion with other 

 words expressing the manner of an action ; as, liakmaiih hikusha, he goes seeing. 



58. In the active intransitive verb there is often a different form still. It is the simplest 

 form of the word, the root itself, and is used in connexion with kusha, to go; as, tau 

 hikush, it has gone dry, or, it has dried up, as a fountain or stream of water. 



59. If conjugation is defined, as in Hebrew, as having reference to different forms of 

 the same verb, there may be said to be many conjugations in this language. The active 

 intransitive and the active transitive, while they differ widely in their declensions, have 

 also different conjugations. The form terminating in os/ia or usha belongs exclusively 

 to the former, while the reflective belongs exclusively to the latter. 



60. The three forms mentioned in 47 as conjugations are derived immediately from 

 the ground-form hakisa ; and each of the conjugations to be mentioned are similar to the 

 original ground-form, inasmuch as they each have these three forms derived from them in 

 the same manner. 



61. The conjugations are as follows : 



OF THE ACTIVE INTRANSITIVE CLASS. 



Hisamsa, is the ground-form, which means, to be angry; from this is formed, 

 Hisamnosha, to be angry towards or at, which is active transitive, and may govern 

 an accusative. 



