120 ZOOPHYTES. 



species and unattached coralligenous species ; and the latter, " Plant Zoophytes" the 

 attached coralligenous species.* 



The order ZOOCORALLIA includes the following subdivisions : 



THIBE I. ZOOCOHALLIA POLYACTITSTA. Comprises his families Actinina, Zoanthina, 

 and Fungina, corresponding respectively to the families Actinidae, Zoantlwkc, and the 

 free Fungidae, along with the genus Turbinalia of the Caryophyllia tribe. 



TRIBE II. ZOOCORALLIA OCTACTINIA, or species with 8 rays to the polyps. Com- 

 prises his families Xenina, Tubiporina, Halcyonina, and Pennatulina, or all the Alcyo- 

 naria but the Gorgonidos, which fall into his second order. 



TRIBE III. ZOOCOKALLIA OLIGACTINIA, corresponding to Hydroidea, and including 

 his families Hydrina, Tubularina, and Sertularina. 



The order PHYTOCORALLIA, is subdivided as follows : 



TRIBE IV. PIIYTOCOHALLIA POLYACTINIA. Includes the families Ocellina, and De- 

 dalina ; the former corresponding to the Caryophyllidte. and Cyathophyllida:, except (hat 

 the Turbinalise are excluded by Ehrenberg, and some Astrajas are introduced under the 

 genus Explanaria ; and the latter corresponding nearly to the -Astrccidos and Fungida!, 

 except that the free Fungidx are separated. 



TRIBE V. PHYTOCORALLIA DODECACTINIA. Comprises the families Madreporina and 

 Milleporina, the first including the Poritidte and part of the Madreporida3, and the second, 

 the remainder of the Madreporidos of the system adopted. 



TRIBE VI. PHYTOCORALLIA OCTACTINIA, including the families Isidea and Gorgonina, 

 corresponding to the Gorgonidoe. 



TRIBE VII. PHYTOCORALLIA OLIGACTINIA, including the single genus Allopora. 



This system removes the free Fungidse far from the attached species, and the same 

 principle carried out should place in different families the free and attached Cyathophylla, 

 Euphylliac, and others. The natural group Alcyonaria is divided, and the parts arc 

 widely separated. Notwithstanding these singularities arising from the undue importance 

 allowed to the characters of his Orders, the system exhibits throughout the comprehensive 

 acumen of its distinguished author, and was the first that rested its distinctions solely on 

 the structure of the animals, or the living zoophytes. 



MILNE EDWARDS. In the philosophical system of Milne Edwards, the Bryozoa con- 

 stitute the order Polypes tuniciens ; and other Zoophytes (our Zoophyta), his Polypes 

 parcnchymates. This second order he subdivides as follows : 



1. " Sertulariens." Corresponding to the Hydroidcn. 



2. " Zoantliaires." Corresponding to the Actinaria. 



3. " Alcyoniens." Corresponding to the Alcyonaria. 



The Alcyonia group, which is bound together by important characters, is thus kept 

 united; and the other groups are equally well defined in their limits and characteristics. 

 The " Zoanthaires" and " Alcyoniens," constitute together our Actinoidea, a group which 

 is equivalent, as a whole, rather than ils parts, to the " Sertulariens" (Hydroidea), 



' These orders are characterized by Elircnbcrg as follows (op. cit., pp. 255, and 299) : 

 ZOOCORALLIA. Corpore aut omnino molli, aut Cephalupodum more intus lapidem generante (seeernente 

 ncc excernente) hinc soepe omnino Hbr.ra ct, prater formam, animalium charactercs omncs pcrlcctius 

 scrvantia. PIIVTOCORALLIA, Corpore aut lapideam aut corneam matcriam agglutinantcm seeernente ac 

 dorso (solca) exccrnentn ejusque ope semper adnato (Ostrearum more). 



